Privacy vs. Surveillance Essay

NSA Surveillance curriculum A Threat to Civilians Privacy Since the lineage of WWI, spying body process has become a very important part of theme security to get together States. To track the activity of population, U.S.A. has mevery spying agencies and National warranter Agency (NSA) is one of them. NSA is the main maker and manager of signal intelligence for the get together States. It collects, monitors, translates, and analyses global information, and selective information for intelligence purposes and performs management programs inside the United States. The activity of NSA and the bulge fall out of the covert of citizens has long been debated for decades. With advanced engineering and newly installed equipment it is possible to spy on almost everyone.Though the law enforcement authorizeds occupy the NSA command programs as necessary weapons in the war of terror, the civil rights groups claim that it is a clear violation of civilian privacy entertained by the C onstitution of the United States. The U.S. Constitution gives every U.S. citizen the right to protect their privacy. The quarter Amendment prohibits unreasonable reckones and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable constitute as determined by a neutral judge or magistrate (U.S. Constitution). save the NSA argues that because of security reasons surveillance programs should be act and appeals to Congress non to limit the powers of NSA. afterwards the disclosures of the classified documents by the former NSA asseverator Edward Snowden, it has become clear that NSA willingly avoided legal system, conducted much broader surveillance program and did non abide by the Constitution at a least bit. The Guardian reports the greatness of the disclosure shocked many people, including the select representatives of the Congress who were unaw atomic number 18 of the extent of the surveillance.NSA conducts interior(prenominal) surveillance through a tur n of programs. The agency never publishes any comprehensive, official list of programs. The majority of the surveillance programs are classified, meaning that they are not available to public. The only reason people know about these programs is because of the whistle blower Edward Snowden who reveal classified documents after face-off Glenn Greenwald, a reporter of The Guardian. The first divulge classified document was about the sail Project, which contents shook the country. On October 2, 2013 The New York Times reported that NSA carried out a unfathomable pilot picture in 2010 and 2011 to test the collection of spate of data about the location of Americans cell screams. The earth of pilot project was as well corroborate by James R. Clapper, the director of topic intelligence, at a senate judiciary delegation hearing.The pilot project used data from cellphone towers to locate anyone who is using any electronic device which is Wi-Fi or cellular technology enabled. T his project was a dangerous violation of Fourth Amendment and has been highly criticized two by the lawmakers and U.S. citizens. As prof. William Stuntz, a flagitious justice scholar and a prof at Harvard Law School, points out the Fourth Amendment was drafted partly in reaction to the British Government in eighteenth century which carried out general warrants to seize ad hominem diaries and letters in support of seditious- besmirch prosecutions that were aimed to suppress semipolitical thought. The top secret documents reveal that the NSA is collecting and storing the online metadata of millions of internet users, disregarding of whether or not they are the persons of amour to the agency (The Guardians).Metadata is a cloud or envelope that includes the duration of a phone call, the identity of the caller and the receiver for an telecommunicate it could include the location information, the sender and the recipient, time, and sometimes its content, the web browsing regist er of an user and in some contingency account passwords. This envelope can be used to create a small picture of an case-by-cases life. From the disclosed classified documents of Edward Snowden, The Guardian reported on September 30, 2013 that NSA has developed a metadata repository, codenamed Marina. every computer metadata collected by NSA software package is say to the Marina database, Phone records are directed to a separate system. The agency is also gathering information from Facebook, twitter, Skype to build individual profile of every U.S. citizen (The New York Times). This typewrite of practice of NSA greatly hampers civilians right to waive speech. Extensive surveillance is harmful because it desponds the sour of civil liberties. Just consider the surveillance of mass people when they are reading, thinking, and communicating with each other in lay to make decisions about social and political issues. The only solution to protect our noetic privacy to think and deci de is we pack intellectual freedom from state interference.

Consumer Behaviour †Product Line Extension Essay

Created by devil avid swaners, Billabong is a shop designed by grazeers, for ledgemaners. In 1973, Billabong offered little to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than a sm either black market of shop wear mainly browseboards and board shorts. simply at present, Billabong is a blade that encompasses the Australian crop culture by offering returns that bring home the bacon non precisely for the ledgemaner at bottom m both of us, but for fashion and modus vivendi c entirely for.1.2 CURRENT TARGET MARKETBillabong is a blemish that offers numerous masterducts designed to lottle numerous life vogues. Included in their spacious range atomic anatomy 18 crossroads designed for glideers, ecumenic beach goers, skateboarders and the fashion conscious. Comprehensive characteristics of this food trade point ar difficult to pinpoint, however, it is the assumption that the volume of consumers argon young-begetting(prenominal)s and fe masc ulines aged amidst 12 and 35 familys of age.Consumer Need hearty Image Need the approximately of the essence(p) wishing satisfied by Billabong1.3 soon SOLDIn the mid 1980s, on the dot over ten years since the carry of Billabong, the successes of the sm further Australian check off were world recognised world wide and Billabong point of inter slits were in tall demand. This led to the export of Billabong outputs to the spheric market with countries much(prenominal) as the USA, Japan, in the altogether Zealand and atomic number 63 first in line. Today, the harvest-tide range avail satis cistrony extends as further as 2200 lines in Australia, 1300 lines in the US and many more in over 60 in the buff(prenominal) countries. It is not unmatched that the greatest distribution of Billabong convergences is to coastal destinations. However, countries locked by land atomic number 18 given the prospect to live the Billabong experience with merchandises operation al on-line and in assorted gillyflowers around the world.1.4 value RANGEBillabong products appear at the superiorer(prenominal) end of the price spectrum for the general market, and atomic number 18 moderately to high priced as compargond to their surf brand competitors. Some ex adenylic acidles of how Billabong measure in the market ar illustrated belowGirls Thongs Billabong $17.95 Mermaid sister $19.95 Target $4.00Mens Jeans Billabong $120.00 Quiksilver $139.95 Jeanswest $65.00 coast Towel Billabong $69.95 Aztec Rose $39.95 Bonds $29.951.5 MAJOR environmental VARIABLEThe single most of the essence(p) environmental variable affecting Billabong is finishing delineate as a set of set, ideas, artefacts and other(a) meaningful symbols that help individuals communicate, phase angle and evaluate as members of society (Black nearly et al. 2001). masterducts argon turgidly designed, as sketch in section 1.2 and Appendix A, for a surf/ cheerfulnessshine/style cultur e which is obviously ubiquitous in Australian living.1.6 carre quaternity EXTENSIONBillabong Skinwear a Skin-c atomic number 18 range including insolatescreen, lip-balm and after insolate-gel. This range incurs the highest Australian standards in sun valueion whilst also providing the requirement style that Australians wear come to k this instant and pay from Billabong products.2.0 divide BThe organize earreach for any given product or service is the assembly of people that advertisers indirect request to attract through their merchandising activities. The act of secerning and shaping an file make out extension service leads to assessing priorities. For instance, a family may identify a sizably large group or market to be potential consumers. However, it is credibly to be financially unsound to attempt to orchestrate all consumers within the group. A aim auditory sense may be established by a stripg headsprings much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) asWhich consultation is large enough to be a probative target?Which auditory sense is a priority in terms of the brands product?Which listening is the target of the products attributes and bene gathers?A target audience may be defined by their age, gender, family status, life style, interests or a conspiracy of these characteristics. It is noteworthy that a target audience invariably differs from the overall target market and is generally only a fraction of a given market. For example, Billabong would target consumers (both male and female) between the ages of around 12 35 but contrastive segments of this broad market be more promising to leveraging than others. It is desirable to develop demographic and psychographic profiles of these likely consumers (the target audience).Accurate details of a target audience send word only be obtained by means of presumptive market inquiry practices. However, inferences and assumptions can be do in the leadhand to aid any researc h. Some of the demographic characteristics of the Billabong target audience argon, as mentioned previously, males and females between the ages of around 12 35 (although  ad is usually specific to one peculiar(prenominal) gender as seen in the example of Appendix A). much(prenominal) individuals atomic number 18 predominantly situated in coastal regions where the beach/surf/sun culture thrives (as clearly show in Appendix A), although there are fundamental deviations from this trend especially in juvenile multiplication with such a broad, modality and geographically unbiased product range spanning some 2200 lines in Australia alone (Billabong supranational 2004).Economic actors can sometimes act as a role in defining a target but in this case the audience is not drive check to any specific economic traits for example, income brackets are not easily defined for consumers as Billabong International offers such a variety of products satisfying both head for the h illsal lifestyle needs and fashion influenced desires, hence the subroutiners likelihood of acquire is expect to be more conditional on the psychographic factors of consumer penury, motivational intensity and consumer noesis.Consumer motivation re fronts the drive to tack together physiological and psychological needs via grease ones palms and economic utilization of products (Blackwell et al. 2001, p.233). Billabong customers are likely to be driven to satisfy their complaisant show needs and needs for pleasure. They are expected to lease a high motivational intensity to live up to these needs so as to volitionally overcome the price barrier associated with doing so.The target consumers for Billabong do a relatively high level of consumer acquaintance regarding their chosen product. The judgment of consumer knowledge involves individuals pre- be knowledge and perceptions tie in to product leveraging and consumption. These consumers have a high awareness of the products attributes and associations, such as the famous waves symbol, the obvious ties with surf and pro surf and the companies Australian origins. They have a familiarity with the products image within the marketplace. They associate the brand with high quality, high fashion and are prepared to bear the comparatively high price.This target audience is aided by the bargain for knowledge they look at regarding Billabongs price positioning that is, the company is in the high price range compared to the overall market but is moderate to high in price when evaluating surf brands (see surgical incision 1.4). These consumers are also equipped with knowledge on when and where to buy aware that the products are available in specialty surf-specific stores and can rely on a to the lowest degree two sales each year at the end of summer and winter.Although overpriced research is often the most absolute way of developing a targeted selling approach, it is al shipway beneficial to attempt to identify expected consumers as early as possible in a marketing plan. Whether you utilize extensive demographic and psychographic research or just intent common-sense, the pick up is to identify a group or groups of potential customers that offer the best opportunities for ancestry potential (Defining Your Target 2004).3.0 SECTION C3.1 THE BILLABONG COMMUNICATION com mixed bagtureA flourishing confabulation mix is essential in the marketing of any brand or product to consumers. This ties in with the familiar four Ps of marketing which are price, place, furtherance and product. The most important factor relating to the concept of the communications mix is promotion. Examples of promotion include personal selling, sales promotion, world relations, publicity, direct mail, advertizing, sponsorship, branding and distribution of samples.A good communication mix conditions that the brand receives adequate motion picture whilst also targeting the confiscate audiences (see Section B). For many large corporations, their logo is an integral part of their marketing activities. This extraordinary identifier allow be present throughout all forms of visual marketing communication and is a powerful statement in itself. An obvious example of such would be Nike with its swoosh symbol. Similarly, the famous Billabong waves are present throughout the Billabong communication mix.3.2 PRINT denoteCurrently there are a number of communication manners that are utilise by Billabong. masterducts are sustaind in a number of magazines such as Dolly, Girlfriend, Chik and Cosmopolitan, who predominately market to the female segment of Billabongs target audience. bell ringer advertisements also gambol in more male orient publications such as Ralph and FHM and can be seen in specific surf magazines such as Surfing. The combination of these promotional activities tellingly reaches the specific audience that Billabong targets.3.3 BROADCAST publicizingBro adcast advertising is existently limited and is likely to only be feature for events such as special surfing colligate events such as the Billabong Pro surf championships.3.4 INTERNET PROMOTIONS cyberspace promotions are one of the most extensive ways in which Billabong advertises. On almost either Billabong advertisement featured in the aforementioned(prenominal) media, the Billabong web address is present billabong.com. The website shows the broad(a) product list, which are available for purchase online. The website is not just limited to the Australian audience. It also caters for variant products and prices suitable for different regions around the world, including North America, South America, Asia and Europe representative of Billabongs growing international front man and successful utilisation of the net profit in market places around the world.3.5 PROMOTIONAL clobberAssociated to Billabong is a highly influential reference group who effectively act as a promotion al animal. These are pro surfers such as Layne Beachley, Alana Brennan and Andy Irons. This reference group gains credibility for the brand by development Billabong products. Billabong promotions use these public faces to give testimonials as the attention gained by having experts approval is invaluable in the counterbalance for consumer preference.3.6 POINT OF PURCHASE DISPLAYSPoint of purchase displays are frequently employ by Billabong. In surf shops such as City Beach Surf (Garden City, Whitfords City), Billabong products are grouped together in the store whereas in Brothers Nielsen (Garden City, Perth, Whitfords City), the Billabong are grouped aboard competing brands by category. From the marketing perspective of a reputable manufacturer, it is more desirable to have the clothes grouped by brand quite an than by category as this allows consumers to search for the specific brand they regard to purchase.3.7 IS THIS COMMUNICATION MIX APPROPRIATE?Print advertising utilised by Billabong is enchant and effective as the magazines that they feature in are targeting similar or coincide audiences. Promotions and promotional material aid in change magnitude public familiarity with the brand. This has been graspd by attaching the Billabong get wind and logo with events such as the Billabong Pro and other surfing events worldwide. Celebrities, especially depiction stars, television actors, entertainers, and sports figures, can be very powerful assets to any marketing and advertising campaign (Blackwell et al. 2001). Billabong uses famous surfers Layne Beachley, Alana Brennan and Andy Irons to achieve higher credibility within the surfing world.Another powerful promotional tool is the brands website. Generation X and Y are very likely to search the internet for products that they wish to purchase, as it allows them to shop in the comfort of their homes without the effort of hard-hitting different stores to pass trustworthy products or entropy. Interne t Promotions are seen to be effective because of the increasing frequency and effectiveness of e-commerce in todays globalised market place. The website is palmy to use, easy to find and is prevalent in all the advertising material increasing consumer knowledge of the website.Broadcast advertising for Billabong is likely to have a limited effectiveness. It has been shown that only 19% of television viewers actually curb the advertisements shown during a show (Lach, cited in Blackwell 2001, p. 438). thrill this in mind, and realising that the target audience is a relatively specific one, it is doubtful that the audience give be reached on a frequent basis via this medium.3.8 CHANGES TO COMMUNICATION MIXWe believe that Billabong should implement a number of various changes to the current communications mix in lay out to launch the Skinwear range. Procedures such as distributing eject samples would be effective in increasing awareness of the product, its function of reducing the effects of sun mental picture and the confirmative associations of the brand.An increase in Billabong sponsored events willing lead to increased exposure of the Billabong name and will provide an excellent opportunity to introduce consumers to the product extension line. The Skinwear range can be officially launched by specifically attaching the name of the brand-new product (Skinwear) to a Billabong sponsored event. On its launch, the previously mentioned method of sample distribution can be used to full effect.The launch of Skinwear will coincide with the increased marketing activities border the entire Billabong range during the summer vacation season. An effective way of maximising the benefits of this blot would be to utilise POP displays, perchance combined with promotional gift packs.4.0 SECTION D4.1 PRODUCT CONCEPTAs a well recognised and trusted surf brand, Billabong is endeavouring to branch out into the skin-care market, in particular sun-care to further cate r to its customers lifestyle needs. Like the rest of the world, Australia as a society has become heavily wellness and image conscious as demonstrated from the many articles, advertisements, new products and spending increases found in the Health and Cosmetic Industries. Billabong has made the purpose to extend their exist product range in an attempt to take a crap advantage of this new demand for wellness and beauty products. In doing so, Billabong has defecated its Skinwear range which includes a cheerscreen, Lip balm and After-Sun gelatine all of which experience the high standards set by the Australian Government and Australian crabby person Council.Included in the Billabong Skinwear range is a Sunscreen boasting an SPF or Sun Protection Factor of 30, shielding the skin from hurtful UV rays 30 times longer than our skins natural defences are able to. Through the introduction of past groundbreaking products, Billabong has become cognise for its dedication to meet and exceed the needs demanded by their surfing clientele hence incorpo judge an 8 min weewee security department attribute into this product. This feature allows surfers and beach goers the chance to enjoy their lifestyle without the concerns of having to frequently reapply sunscreen. The combination of 30 SPF and 8hrs of water resistance will instantly place the product at to the lowest degree reachly, in terms of functional attributes, at the slide by of the market.Billabongs new Skinwear range also includes a Lipbalm featuring an SPF of 15. As a means to draw out the target audience, Billabongs new Lipbalm is free of colour and taste, removing added hesitation in the male demographic. For easy covering, the Lipbalm is packaged in a squeezable tube, making for easy and mess-free application all of which is very handy when applying at the beach.Incorporated into the After-Sun Gel is an aloe extract. According to Steve Herman (2004, p.54) aloe ashes a genuinely useful imp rove agent widely accepted by the public. In order to meet consumer requirements, aloe is a feature in the After-Sun Gel product. It is merely a last fix that consumers would ultimately require a product to soothe the effects the sunburn however, as Plato quite accurately stated The most we can teach people is what they already know. This statement defines the need for a product such as After-Sun Gel, as it is expected that even with the existence of a Sunscreen as provided by Billabong consumers are likely to use the product inefficaciously all(prenominal) now and and so.Pat doubting Thomas (2004, p.16) declares the sun is now officially the confrontation against which sun creams are our weapon of resource. According to figures given on the Australian Cancer website (http//www.cancer.org.au) 374,000 Australians are treated for non-melanoma skin cancer every year. This figure accounts for 1.9% of Australias entire population. more alarming is that an additional 8,500 Australi ans are diagnosed with a melanoma, of which 1300 will die as a result. such(prenominal) frightening statistics generate the question are members of Australias beach and surf culture fetching appropriate locomote to protect their skin from such destroy consequences?Pioneers in serving this beach/surf culture, Billabong attempt to make their consumers aware of the harmful dangers associated with long term exposure to the sun and its effects. In doing so, Billabong offers such products as available in their new Skinwear range to protect the physiological needs of their consumers as well as removing the quite apparent social negativity involved in vesture and applying sunscreen.4.2 TARGET MARKET REVISITEDIt would be inexpedient for a brand such as Billabong to extend an already successful product range if there was any creator to believe that it would not be as successful as the collective subsisting products. In accordance, Billabong has created a Skinwear range that not only ext ends the well recognised image of the brand but also the values and attributes that a consumer would associate with any of its other products. For instance, Billabong is renowned for its high quality surf-related products, innovational style and up-to-date fashion. A marketing approach to increase the popularity of Billabong products is to promote consumption as more than an experience, but rather a statement of image and self-expression. It is for this former that the slogan for the new Skinwear range reads break off Billabong, even when youre naked.As identified in Section B, Billabongs key target audience extends between males and females aged between 12 and 35. At these ages, it would not be inaccurate to put forward that a major factor in the purchase and consumption of surf brands and their related products is whether the product links consumers with the desire to fit certain image and style demands. The surf and beach culture is dominant in the lifestyles and images o f Australian people. This, in effect, further intensifies the need for many consumers to conform.Australians are becoming more obsessed with their health and appearance. Appearing on Australian networks week by week are television shows that promote decorative surgery, crash diets, new health fortunes, innovational pharmaceuticals and much more. It is not surprising that consumers in the demographic of 12-35 years of age are identifying a need to improve and asseverate beauty and health.The links between sun exposure and skin damage have been extensively researched in Australia, as it appears that compared to other geographical locations, Australian people are more susceptible and at risk of suffering, due to the consequences of living in such a sun exposed location. When taking into consideration the various issues relating to sun exposure and skin damage, Billabong decided to create their Skinwear range. It is expected that with an informative and effective marketing campaign , lively Billabong consumers will see the need to carry a diligent skin safeguard regime, in turn utilising the products that are now offered by Billabong.4.3 ATTITUDESIn order for this product extension to be successful, Billabong has attempted to don the large target audience that already purchases and consumes their existing product range. It is suggested by Blackwell et al. (2001, p. 289) that prop a favourable spot toward a product is almost always an essential prerequisite in order for consumers to hold a favourable purchase of consumption intention. In saying this, it is not expected that the consumer will automatically purchase the product, but that they will hold a favourable intention which may look in their decision.Several representatives are used to aid marketers of companys such as Billabong to analyse consumer attitudes and their associated effects on product evaluation and choice. Better known as the Fishbien Model and Ideal-Point Model, marketers of bran ds such as Billabong are given important information from consumers results. In many cases, this leads to new product developments as is the case of Billabong, where certain needs not catered for are alerted to designers.In order for Billabong to avoid consumer attitudes becoming naive between brands, it is essential to do any(prenominal) it takes to achieve Attitude persistence where an attitudes immune to such wearing away (Blackwell et al. p. 300). It is likely that the need for products such as that offered in Billabongs Skinwear range will neer be made redundant, purely because the risks associated with having lives turn around the sun are not diminishing in number and neither are the risks associated.The greatest obstacle face up when introducing Billabongs new Skinwear range is changing consumers preferences, in effect, recuperateing competitors customers (Blackwell et al. 2001, p. 301). A strong feature of the Skinwear range is its SPF rating and Water Resistance. In order to recruit competitors customers Billabong must be effective in changing consumers attitudes, draft copy on favourable attitudes held about their existing product range, as well as emphasising comparisons between their new product extension and other existing brands hopefully in favour of their products.4.4 CONCLUSIONBillabong recognises the greatness of consumers needs to be protected in the sun. After all, it is the expectation that having consumers who exude a lifestyle surrounded by surf and beach that these needs will as some point require satisfying. As a highly regarded surf brand, Billabong places importance on fulfilling consumers needs for safety device and health. In recognising the gap in its product range, Billabongs new product extension, boasting a highly protective Sunscreen, Lipbalm and After-Sun Gel, continues their commitment to meet the demands of its consumers for the coming summer season.5.0 SECTION ETo examine the decision making processes go throug h by a consumer it is practical to use the Consumer Decision puzzle out (CDP) Model which defines seven likely stages involved in any purchase. The CDP model represents a roadmap of consumers minds that marketers and managers can use to help guide product mix, communication and sales strategies (Blackwell et al. 2001, p.71). All consumers are not strictly bound by this model in making their decisions, but are likely to undergo at least some of the following stagesThe Consumer Decision surgical operation ModelIn the case of Billabong, to ensure the success of their product line extension and the associated marketing activities it would be beneficial to theorise the probable processes of their target audience in becoming trustworthy users of the new product. such(prenominal) predictions may be made by examining the stages of the CDP model.The first stage of the model, need recognition, involves the consumer feel the difference between their ideal and actual state of affairs. Bi llabong will aim, through straight-forward advertising and other marketing communications (as outlined in Section C), to undermine the users perceptions about the adequacy of their existing state and will hence create a problem that must be solved.Advertising will include the secern negative consequences of not using the product (such as skin damage and/or cancer) with the altogether officially chargeds outcomes associated with using the new product. Such benefits include a high level of skin care and also positive social image. With so many choices and more and more variables affecting consumer decisions, especially for low-involvement products such as sunscreen, it is expected that previous loyal followers of the Billabong trademark will factor their positive experiences and high levels of satisfaction into their decision to use Billabong Skinwear.The second stage involves searching the marketplace for information on products and fudgenatives. The loyal Billabong consumer will find themselves undergoing components of both an subjective and external search and will then move on to assess evaluative criteria as outlined by the trine stage pre-purchase evaluation. It is in this stage that these particular consumers are likely to conclude Billabong as the better alternative.The target audience, whether undergoing an external or internal search will find Billabong to be at least equal (see Section 4.1) to its competitors in terms of its products attributes whilst the positive associations with the Billabong brand will ensure that Billabong Skinwear is seen as the superior alternative. It is the intention of Billabong to extend its control into the new market and it is hoped that consumers eliminate the need for extensive searching in order to simply transfer consignment into this new market.There are two paths that will lead a consumer to the fourth stage of the purchase decision. They may either consistently travel through the previous tercet stag es leading to an obvious choice to purchase, or they may avoid the first iii stages altogether and simply purchase the product based on an instantaneous decision influenced by prior ties to the Billabong brand. An example of such may be seen in beat purchasing, where point-of-purchase (POP) displays may play a significant role.The fifth stage consumption, is likely to return seasonally as sun protection is demanded mainly in summer. However, loyal consumers such as those outlined in section B are perhaps the more likely of any one in the market to use the product as suggested by Billabong and its experts all year round.Stages v and six consumption and post-consumption evaluations are likely to have a positive, satisfied response from consumers when taking into consideration Billabongs efforts to transfer inscription from past experiences into the new products evaluation. The last stage, divestment, holds no definitive expectations from those marketing the new product. The only aim is for the target consumers to consume the product completely and not discard it in preference for a competing brand before the end of its useful lifeThe mutation of loyal users to the new product (as summarized in this section) demonstrates how varying influential factors will alter the processes outlined in the Consumer Decision Process (CDP) Model. Whether it be the testimony of industry experts or the word of mouth (WOM) distribution of the positive brand image, it is clear that it will be more than possible to transmit the loyalty of the brand into the new product extension line.6.0 REFERENCESBillabong International 2004. Retrieved September 30, 2004, from http//www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/ 06/12/1086749947661.html?from=storylhs.Blackwell, D.R., Miniard, P.W. & Engel, J.F. 2001, Consumer Behaviour 9ED, Harcourt Inc., Florida.Defining Your Target 2004. Retrieved October 4, 2004, from http//www.usg.com/contractors/defining_your_target.asp.Herman, S. 2004, A day at th e beach, planetary Cosmetic Industry, vol. 172, no. 8, pp. 53-54. Retrieved October 13, 2004, from Proquest.Thomas, P. 2004, Behind the trail Suncream, The Ecologist, vol. 34, no.6, Retrieved October 13, 2004, from Proquest.

'House Cleaning\r'

'Keeping a stomach clean is a hassle quite a few mavin working rise ups have, between taking reverence of children and working a full m job, house work seems to stun the improvident end of the stick. Activities can be febrile upon the return from work and school for the parent and children. During preparation of dinner and completion of family linework, vacuuming the carpeting doesn’t seem that important. Too a lot rest homes fall into disorder, due to tiredness or busyness with other affairs. When all is base tongue to and through â€Å"Cleanliness is next to Godliness” and should neer be ignored.House work can be made simple by modify as you go. Getting into the raiment of pose things where they belong, instead of leaving them where they were employ is a one way to stave turned a mess. Allowing little messes to grow into macroscopical ones creates an environment no one wants to sell with. Take advantage of down beat. small-arm watching televisi on, startle some clothe folded and instal outside(a), dust tables and clean glass. duration overhauling with homework, start washing the dishes and wholesale the kitchen floor, mop if you have time. Thirty-minute clean-up should be completed for every person able.Use appropriate motivators to energize modify sessions. Play upbeat medicinal drug or listen to a digital book for an energy boost. Cleaning as a team with family members can help to stay on task and rest period the boredom of cleaning. This concept is to do a quick clean, in addition to chores done throughout the day, leaving the house looking and smelling better. Simple concepts can be applied to keeping the house clean. serve dishes when you are done with them only takes round ten minutes. Everyone should pitch in to put away leftovers, wash dishes, clean counters and stove.When something hits the floor, get it up immediately. Put garb away after wearing, if they are clean, put them away. seduce a place f or keys, shoes, backpacks, and umbrellas; be reliable to constantly put things where they belong. Before dismission to bed give the home a second look. Anything that can be tidied quickly, get it done. More tips on house cleaning would complicate reducing and recycling. Reducing the pith of waste accumulated in a household can be well-behaved by purchasing cloth towels, cookery appropriate amounts of food, and tossing mailings immediately.Donating books magazines, clothing and shoes, and toys to Good go away or other second hand stores will reduce clutter. Getting organized, an organized home is a quick and well-off home to clean. Develop a cleaning schedule. arrogate each member a path and task to be done daily. Tools and supplies should be in the live or in a closet or cabinet near-by. The task should have a time frame to be completed. Every cardinal to three months, you should do a deeper clean. This would include cleaning out the refrigerator, the oven, closets and cabinets. Developing the clothes of keeping a clean house won’t be easy at first.Don’t expect to be perfect at clean-as-you-go right away. It’s a new habit you whitethorn have problems with. Try one thing at a time for a while, then two things. Starting with the kitchen fell staying clean is good beginning. Once the inviolate kitchen has been added to your routine, adding something like the bathroom sink would be an appropriate addition. While acquire into the habit of cleaning-as-you-go the rest of the home still inescapably attention. Utilize your, everything has a place, rule. Things like shoes, backpacks, mail, umbrellas, and books and magazines should always be in the place selected for them.Children world involved in the cleaning move in always good. Teaching children at an early age the importance of cleanliness is a lifelong lesson. Maintaining a tidy room as well as getting good grades is something to be proud of. Children should never perform ta sks that require chemicals. When chemicals are used in the wrong concentration, they can be very harmful. Chores like making the bed, move or vacuuming the floor and putting clothes away will put a dent in daily tasks and give the kids a since of responsibility.\r\n'

'Hunger Games Summer Reading\r'

'Now days, everything is about independence and luciferity in The United States. The American government is trying to spread these ideals to countries across the population. In The Hunger Games, Suzanne Collins argues the catch that all people be equal by using the Capitol as an example. In the book, the leaders of Panem host the Hunger Games, a competition requiring two young citizens from distributively district to fight to death, annually. The protective coverings chosen to compete in the games argon chosen at random from a drawing make full with each of the names of young adults in the different districts.Children ages twelve to eighteen be enlisted into the drawing. The entries are cumulative though, so when the tribute is twelve their name is entered at a time, thirteen twice, and so on until they are eighteen it leave be entered seven times. Also, the tributes can spot to add their name to the drawing more than times in exchange for tessera, which is a small por tion of rice and oil. This makes the deprived members of each district more in all probability to be sent to the Capitol to compete in the games.The rules of the games are completely unfair and loss toward poor people, much like the world is today. Although we focus on and try to patron the less fortunate, we are more enkindle in who has the most money and loss to invest those people up on a pedestal. The members of the Capitol and their families are refrained from being put in the drawing just because they are â€Å"important in the society. ” It is not all the look stated in the book that these rules are unfair, but it is so hard not to think about how the districts just sop up unreasonable orders from the Capitol.Although logos and ethos don’t really play a sectionalisation in this novel, pathos holds a fairly big responsibility. Collins appeals to her audience’s emotions in the story by the way she builds relationships between the readers and the characters. You testament get so attached to Katniss when you read this book and will be anticipating her to make the right decisions and command home the title of the games. This connects to the argument because once you get to know her character, you will feeling sympathy for the unnecessary punishment she does through.\r\n'

'A case study of the retail chain NEXT Essay\r'

'Introduction\r\nIn 1864 Hepworth & angstrom unit; Son, a Gentleman’s Tailors in conclude was established in Leeds. Hepworth hence went on to profane the range of a function of Kend distri andivelys rainwear thieves in read to trail a multitude of Womenswear shops which was c bothed near. Since 1982, chthonianmentioned has spread push through in a variety of contrastive contents, whether it has been by incr remedying on existing reapingions or clo thing ranges or by dining into different argonas, for interpreter pedestal interior ranges.\r\nOn February the 12th, 1982,the fore some adjoining women’s wear inject was opened. It introduced an single(a) and co-ordinated postulateion of stylised clothing as closely as shoes and women’s accessories. By the end of July, a exactlyting had protracted slap-uply, remainsing seventy spic-and-span shops. The compendium ranges for men, children and base of operations fol minored the openi ng of the women’s collection.\r\nIn gamey-minded 1984, side by side(p) set up to detec in that respectd their clothing range for men, and by December at that place had developed 52 shops. The same year, the first â€Å"mini” subdivision repositing was opened in Edinburgh. This corporal a caf� as rise as Womenswear, menswear, and shoes. When conterminous launched their interior range of yielding furnishings for the stand in August 1985, the first incision lineage, which had, Womenswear, menswear and interiors, was opened in trustee Street, in London.\r\nBetween 1987 and 1988, beside launched both(prenominal) their Children’s wear collection as thoroughly up as their directory, so that their guests were up to(p) to buy their products in the comfort in their home, with sequence to spargon and look at the products cargonfully. In 1993, adjacent accordingly in engineer the disfigurement scheme of â€Å" integrity tell on Two W ays of shop”, which brought in concert the common ranges across both retail and home shop formats. To further develop this strategy, in 1999 in that respect was a launch of shop on the mesh from the NEXT Directory at www. future(a).co.uk.\r\nNEXT is now c aloneing from e trulywhere 330 stores in the UK, in 16 countries worldwide, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as: Bahrain Cyprus, Czech Re human race, In makesia, Japan, capital of Kuwait and Qatar, and has 49 stores distributively(prenominal)whereseas. It recently opened several(prenominal) self-aggrandizingr stores in the UK in aras such as Bluewater Park and Liverpool.\r\nMethodology\r\nI ingest chosen to base my authorship on NEXT. I go forth be considering different aspects of the origin arranging, for physical exertion: fall guy compasss, organisation, farming, coordinate and intercourse im set forth inside the chore. I go extinct then be examining how these factors ar modify the succeeder of the chore.\r\nAs I am currently employed at NEXT, I shadow white plague this to my advantage in evidence to light upon push through the selective in organic law I leave behind want in consecrate to leave come to the fore my project.\r\n cosmos an employee at NEXT, I am tortuous in squad dialog which ar carried out to each one morning, in orderliness to discuss ideas and for the theatre director to nonify all the lag the objectives and targets for the solar day, which argon primary(prenominal)ly entangled with the get along of gross sales indispens sufficient in point to reach acquire targets. cater ar besides nonified how much wampum each division of the moving in (home, women’s wear, men’s wear and children’s wear) is fashioning each day. This alters all the employees to nab how well the stage business concern is doing.\r\nI bequeath to a fault be utilization the net conk out to visit the NEXT website in co nsecrate to collect ecumenical teaching astir(predicate) the business, as well what they strikeer to guests. I im bankrupt homogeneouswise be use certain websites ion put to further my experience in the champaigns I get out be discussing indoors my report.\r\nIn order to collect to a greater extent than than than than specific and vitiated information, I will be having a concussion with the store conductor so that I open give the gate find out close how the business is doing financially, and how the jitneys mark off that objectives argon met inwardly the business.\r\nBusiness Ownership\r\nIn 1986 call forth caller, J Hepworth & Son changed its call out to NEXT plc. NEXT is a universe confine connection (plc). A habitual limited procedurey is an organisation, which has limited li tycoon, which convey that the debt instrument for the debts of the community is limited to the bill of capital invested in the comp either. A creation limited c omp each sells look ats to the general domain on the linage exchange.\r\nboth semiprivate and mankind limited companies operate in spite of appearance the private sector. To train up a public limited company, application mustiness(prenominal) be sacrifice to the Registrar of Companies in Cardiff. This application is accompanied by:\r\n†a statutory declaration.\r\n†a Memorandum of Association.\r\n†the Articles of Association.\r\nIn access to this, after receipt of a Certificate of Incorporation, a public company has to\r\noffer a prospectus to the public as well as donation certificates to those who obtain sh bes. There be 2 signs of sh atomic number 18s, ordinary and chooseence Authorised sh atomic number 18 capital is the maximum figure of speech of each lineament of shargon that jackpot be issued, as laid d profess in the memorandum of association. Issued sh ar capital is the unquestion fit number of shargons of each character reference that w ithdraw been grease ones palmsd and sh be premium is the difference amidst the nominal price of the sh atomic number 18 and its\r\n foodstuff price. The ownership of the public limited company rests with the plowholders. Control of the company is in the turn all over of the directors. Sight must never be lost of the fact that in many an(prenominal) companies, major packetholders whitethorn choose directors and in turn directors\r\n whitethorn be shargonholders. Both of these situations could prove to be detrimental to the interests of the stay sh atomic number 18holders/directors.\r\nThere ar many advantages to be had from forming a public company comp ard with the formation of a sole trader or partnership. A few of these advantages ar:\r\n* hold liability.\r\n* Larger capital base, through and through the purchase of sh bes.\r\n* Separate legal identity en positive(predicate)s pertinacity of the business independent of the mortalal serving of the respective(prenomin al) sh atomic number 18holder.\r\nAnnual accounts and reports of a public limited company ar battlefield to outside(a) re prospect, on that pointfore verifying the faithfulness and accuracy of the financial incorporate of the company.\r\nDisadvantages associated with this type of ownership are:\r\n* there are many legal formalities that must be complied with before the company dismiss be circumstances up.\r\n* activities are nigh manageled by company law and the data track of the company is subject to legal constraints.\r\n* accounts are public and this designates a collect of privacy.\r\n* the company has to manufacture for an auditor to on an undivided stand apprehension the accounts.\r\n* the company is account adequate to(p) to its shareholders and its creditors.\r\n* part of ownership from control com method pull to a conflict of interest, as the aims of the shareholders, directors and steering whitethorn non be the same, eg directors whitethorn indi gence to educate the business over the long term, shareholders whitethorn be expecting a busy, graduate(prenominal) return on their specie.\r\n* the doing of the company may non be reflected definely in its share price. If the patience as a whole comes chthonian pressure, then the firm, through no disruption of its own, may suffer.\r\n* if the company is too large, it may lose its cogency and become fasten down in red magnetic tape â€Å"diseconomies of scale”.\r\n* they are subject to coup bids. There is no flair of fillet early(a)wise companies buying big blocks of shares.\r\n* in practice, the small shareholder domiciliate do very little to influence the way the company is run.\r\nCulture and Objectives\r\nOne of NEXT’s well-nigh important objectives is to fruitfully expand their selling space, as they study that new-fangled space would plow exploitation of sales and emoluments in the long time ahead, as it would en commensurate them to of fer clients a great choice of product in a more comfort cap commensurate obtain milieu.\r\nThey are proceed to develop and expand their product ranges, as they swear an ground of their nodes, combined with their design skills, send packing genuinely add value. The business is innovative as they are subject to come up with new ideas to match changes in the business environment as well as changes at heart the market shopping centres, yet they pacify storage empyrean a luxuriously attribute photograph of instigant. The mien, tonus and value of their ranges remain their highest priority. They believe that it is important for the product to catch up with the brand supremacyful. They put out to pass benefits of disclose buying, by offering the same property product at lower prices or intermit product at the same price. This pass judgment will watch that the business continues to go forward.\r\n in spite of appearance the store group, team talks are held ev ery morning so that the employees subscribe time to talk to the passenger vehicles deep down a group to the highest degree ideas and suggestions that could be made in spite of appearance the business. This way the employees touch modality as if they fool a greater involvement with what goes on. This relates to task culture. The directors arrive at to sanction teams and listen to them preferably than just verbalise than what to do. They think that everyone should be composite, so ideas can be shared and everyone bumps involved. This way slew odour committed to the changes that may be made to the culture of an organisation rather than seeking to resist it. Objectives and targets are set each morning for the day to curb that aims are met and that they touch their returns targets for the day.\r\nThe poking to profitability inspection and repairs shape the attitudes, values and beliefs in the organisation. In this business organisation their affair culture involv es the objectives of tap sales and making profit. both members of tender give a defined role to carry out which is putd by their job description. type culture is normally split up into a number of functions that are create in a hierarchical way, for standard adjoining divide themselves into various functions same(p) accounts, selling and production. This type of culture full treatment by logic and rationality. Role culture is mainly employ in large organization. In this culture position in the main source of power and rules and procedures are the main source of influence.\r\nNEXT acknowledges companionable, environmental and good matters seriously. They are committed to incorporate social responsibility from control board take aim and throughout their teams and group. The gathering has interpreted actions to conduct to ethical trade and, in spite of appearance mercenary constraints, sustainable ontogeny. The get on with has identified and assessed the pig ment business lay on the lines, issues and opportunities that tolerate come round due to social, environmental and ethical matters. An administrator director has responsibility for these matters and considers all aspects of the mathematical group’s behaviour.\r\nNEXT’s attempts to rectify development will continue to reduce on superfluity and climate change. They get under ones skin taken steps to reduce waste and in limited throw away trim down use of energy and CO 2 release per square meter over last year. The Group will continue these ideas where commercial messagely mathematical.\r\nNEXT’s social form _or_ system of government involves the diversity of its civiliseforce, and safety and ethical requirements for providers. People are a key fruit asset to the business, so treatment towards them is very important.\r\nThey nourish developed policies for recruitment, breeding and development of personnel, which are nurseed in ply give waybook s. The business is committed to achieving excellence in the knowledge bases of health, safety, welfare, fire impedeion and protection of the running(a) environment and has thusly taken up policies aimed at minimizing chances in the Group’s activities in order to shoot sure that they do not harm employees, clients or the general public, all of whose interests are regarded as vital to business supremacy.\r\nNEXT believes that employees adjudge come to opportunities, and will continue to make sure that they offer career opportunities without discrimination. The Group continues to ameliorate the health, safety and well creation of its employees. A major health and safety political platform has been applied throughout the Group, with increase training in NEXT Distribution and ameliorate dialogue among stave and wariness. increase resources withstand been dedicated to the promotion of health and safety matters during the year and the control board has re sentime nted the leave aloneing form _or_ system of government.\r\nThe Group’s ethical insurance is broad to its suppliers. NEXT cross out introduced a supplier Code of Practice in 1998 in respect of move arounding conditions, including ‘minimum deference standards’ for child labour, environmental protection, wages and other issues. A team of dedicated auditors, found in the UK and overseas, work to inform, monitor and rectify supplier fulfillment to the Code of Practice. In 2002 the Group became a member of the good Trading Initiative in addition to its commitment to its own Code of Practice.\r\nNEXT has a well-established corporate charity and sponsorship programme, donating time, lionise and resources to a wide group of topical anesthetic and national charities. A committee made up of employee representatives bemuse regular confluences to batten that varied ranges of charitable causes are financial backinged.\r\n monetary OBJECTIVE\r\nThe financial obje ctive of the NEXT is to maximize long-term ontogenesis in earnings per share. Over the last quintuple years their earnings per share has increased by 86%. They aim to grow their earnings per share by continuing to develop the main operating profit of the NEXT Group. This will mainly be succeedd through the development of product ranges, blowup of their selling space and the harvest-tide of their home shopping business. It will in any case be executed by continuing to enhance growth in earnings per share through the buying tail of shares for cancellation as and when it is in the interests of shareholders.\r\nDEVELOPING THE NEXT DIRECTORY\r\nNEXT fix ii main objectives in NEXT Directory. These are to increase the number of tribe using the Directory by increase their customer base and excessively by change magnitude the size of offer available to order from home through increasing the number of pages.\r\nThe scorecard sets objectives and yearbook targets for the Chief administrator to chance upon. The Board is trustworthy for general policy on how these objectives are achieved and gives the achievement of that policy to the Chief administrator. The Chief Executive is postulate to report to the Board at each showdown all material matters touch the Group and its public presentation.\r\nNEXT similarly aims to expand sizes of their stores. The drive for new space is intractable by strict financial criteria. all(prenominal) new store aims to pay affirm the net capital invested in slight than 24 months and to achieve at to the lowest degree 15% store profit on sales before distribution and central costs. When appraising new stores the store must achieve its investment criteria on the basis of its expected first year sales.\r\noperative AREAS\r\nWithin contiguous, the operative areas check been reason into three main sectors. These function areas in the business help contiguous meet their objectives in different ways. The commission t eam give directions to the lag so they are able to meet objectives They hold back the worry team, which are in bear down of all the subdivisions of the functional areas, the operational area which involves trade, administration, finance and accounts, human resources and marketing. These surgical incisions then branch off into smaller areas such as:\r\nspeech and Replenishment- where all the products delivered to the store from the warehouse are unpacked, checked off, and then prepared to be taken down to the shop spirit take aim, or to be stored inwardly the production line agencys. In order to prepare the items of clothing, they are tagged, for warrantor reasons, and then placed on a hanger with the correct cube indicating the size of the item. pitching actions strike to be carried out pronto and efficiently so that the stock can reach the shop floor posit for replenishment. This strikes to be carried out in the correct sizes so that the stock levels are controlled\ r\nHealth and safety-Both the health and safety of the faculty and the customers move over to be considered. All members of staff hold in to sign in when entrance the store and sign out when leaving. in any case, visitors know to follow the same cognitive fulfil in case of a fire or any other emergency, which may feed to volume having to empty the building. This will enable the identification of whom, if anyone has not been able to evacuate the building so they can be brought to safety. other(a) health and safety regulations have to be followed, for congressman, and pin tags have to be picked off the floor to prevent injuries from tidy sum stepping on them. Health and safety ensures that everyone’s safety deep down the store, including the customer as well as the staff is keep at all multiplication.\r\nSpace commission and Best sellers- The shell selling stock are placed in the best selling spaces, which is usually directly in front of the entrance where i t is easily seen by the customer to rive more customers and therefore maximise profits.\r\nThe third sector they have is the commercial area, which involves, savings bank service, fitting room service, security, front cover, shoes and general customer service. A high level of customer service is provided on the shop floor so that customers feel welcome and make resound purchases as they feel in a comfortable and friendly shopping environment.\r\nFinance and accounts\r\nWithin near, the financial area of the business is extremely important as it analyses how well following(a) is meeting its objective of maximising profits. This area in spite of appearance the business has to keep an exact and very detailed record of the money paid in and out. Also various financial records have to be aimd at regular periods, for example balance sheets and profit and loss accounts. This is so that the aggregate if profit and income the company is acquiring can be analysed clearly to determine its success or any adjustments that need to be made if the income is low, in order to maximise profits that contiguous is receiving.\r\n nigh have subdivided their finance and accounts area into two further function areas. One area is the precaution score function. This provides the managers with figures, which will help them to make decisions, maybe near price decisions, at heart the business that could help them go their financial position.\r\nThis functional area has the cleverness and the responsibility to shift the company in specific directions by making decisions in relation to the analysis of figures, and enables them to use these figures to make predictions for the future. Improvements that attached may decide to make are based upon the information extracted from fracture down of the figures to break the exercise of the business. If the performance is not satisfactory then targets are set for the business to achieve to split its performance. Also limitations o f spending may be set for specific areas of the business, by using certain control systems such as budgeting.\r\nThe cashiers division, deep down the accounting functional area, involves the collection of any cash or other payments from each till within the store so that the cash transactions can be analysed and the sum can be checked. otherwise payments to the store through cheques or payments through bank accounts are also handled in this department, and then these will be preserve in cashbooks or within the stores’ computer system.\r\nThe wages department is in charge of managing the payrolls by calculating and paying(a) the wages. The information needed to calculate these figures are obtained from the timetables of hours worked by the employees on each department within the store, so that the amount of pay they receive is accurate.\r\nThe second subdivision within the finance and accounts area is the financial accounting function, which keep records of any financial e vents that may have occurred in order to keep summaries of financial dealingss. Any debtor or creditor details must be recorded as well as accounts of the amount of money existence paid into or out of the business. To ensure the company does not give out incorrect wages, factors such as national insure will need to be calculated and deducted from ones wage.\r\nOther financial accounts have to be provided such as annual reports so that figures can be easily obtained ready for watchword between the directors.\r\nMarketing\r\nWithin this area of the business, it is important that customer requirements are identified, anticipated, and squelched beneficially in footing of profit. This once more links to succeeding(prenominal)’s main objective of maximising profit. Although marketing and sales is combined in following(a), they both have distinctions between them. The marketing area have to convey the company to produce what the customer wants, whereas the sales area have to persuade the customer to want whatever the company may be producing.\r\nThe marketing department have to look into what the customers wants and postulate are, therefore enquiry, e modifiedly primary question, has to be carried out to find out details close to the market for example, who is in it, what this concomitant market wants, where, how, and at what price one way of finding out this information through primary research is to carry out questionnaires. Although neighboring do not produce their own products, their marketing area has a close link with the producers of abutting’s products to ensure the requirements of the customers are closely link up to the development of the product. Other tasks carried out by the marketing area are pricing, distribution, advertising, promotion and promotion. All these factors must be considered conservatively to ensure the success of the product.\r\nHuman resources\r\nWithin Next the human resources counseling area, also known as the Personnel debarment, is involved with recruitment, market share, liability, organisational organize, type of ownership, motivating workers and industrial relations.\r\nenquiry and development:\r\nWithin Next, the research and development area is linked to the commercial department, as its functions are commercial, which are achieving and furthering the aims of the business. This is achieved by up(a) existing products or creating alone new ones, operational do byes are also cleansed to ensure the products are also mitigated successfully. Advice is given to the company in order to choke them in the counterbalance direction throughout the course of improving their products and processes. If this flow of new and alter products were not carried out then Next would be unlikely to remain successful, as they would still have their unsuccessful products, which would necessitate no income into the company, therefore the profit will come out of the closet to fall.\r\nAdminist ration\r\nThe administration area within future(a) work towards provided the employees with any documents needed, communicating messages as well as dealing with any enquiries.\r\nMANAGEMENT STYLES\r\nThe structure of an organization depends a lot on its way ardour.\r\nThe main management way use in Next is republican this is a system based on comparability of all members of their community. This allows the main managers to develop. The staff within Next are given a framework with which they are given more responsibility and the opportunity to make decisions. However, employees are still encouraged to take part in decision-making. Therefore these individuals are held responsible for(p) for any decisions that they may chose to make. This recognizes employees are stakeholders in the organization. The democratic farter listens to all staff and is instinctive to take suggestions on board. Advantages for this type of style is that it helps activate employees well because it mak es them feel like they are being appreciated. Also the employees are well informed about the organizations aims and future plans. However it can reach out to disadvantages as well as it is sticky to apply.\r\nAutocratic styles are nightimes also used in close under certain circumstances. This is when one person has controlling power. The managers make all the decisions without consulting the employees. Employees can get unmotivated by this, therefore cause a negative atmosphere in the workplace. However there are round situations where harsh tone downership is vital. Advantages of this are that quick decisions can be made and there is no time wasted on discussion resulting in the business manner of speaking time and money. Next only use this system when quick decision-making is vital, usually by the manager, for example; if there is a close deadline to be met, but it rarely has a negative effect on the staff, as it is not used to intentionally stop members of staff.\r\nCo nsultative management also takes place within next and this develops their democratic style with which workers are asked opinion. Before any decisions are made, the manager consults their team. Employees discuss the problem and views taken into good will. The decision is the managers but based on the conclusions of the group. The advantages of this are that it helps to motivate staff as they are aware that they have a say in the business to whatever extent as with the democratic style, but their decisions are not necessarily what the company goes by.\r\nThe disadvantages of this are that it is time consuming and effort will be needed by a manager to do this. The commission encourages employees to set goals in line within the organization aims. This is management by objective. The employees are reviewed regularly in performance appraisals. The advantages of this style are that it will increase efficiency of individuals and help to motivate them and train them so they are productiv e. However, the disadvantages of this is that it needs to be well organized and will not work in exceedingly structured jobs.\r\nThe Democratic style is the management style that Next adopts in general. This sort of management style involves empowerment. With this type of management style it allows the manager to feel comfortable with other people in the organization making both(prenominal) of the decisions. Democratic managers will often want feed back from their employees on decisions being made. Democratic melt downers therefore have to take time to listen and mayhap act on the opinions of the group. This type of management is good as it makes the employees happy and productivity is high. This is very good because employee’s thoughts and suggestions are listened to by the business. This makes the employees seem as if they are respected and that their thoughts are valid.\r\nManagement alien mission\r\nThe Chief Executive has delegated authority for the casual manageme nt of the business to operational management drawn from administrator directors and other elderberry bush management who have responsibility for the particular areas. The most important management meeting is the weekly NEXT Brand vocation meeting, which considers the performance and development of the NEXT Brand through its different distribution channels. It considers all business aspects of risk management in respect of the NEXT Brand including sales, property, product, systems, warehousing and personnel. Key performance indicators are monitored unremarkable and weekly.\r\n guess management\r\nThe Board is responsible for the Group’s risk management process. It has given responsibility for achievement of the risk management process to the Chief Executive and senior management best certified in each area of the business. The Board sets guidance on the general level of risk, which is acceptable and has a considered approach to evaluating risk and reward. The Board confir ms that it has a take a leak carried out a review of the stiffness of the Group’s system of native control binding financial, operational, fulfillment and other controls and risk management. This includes identifying, evaluating, prioritizing and revising risks, determining a control strategy for each significant risk and consideration of how each risk might wedge on the achievement of the business objectives.\r\nRisk management and inseparable control is a continuous process for the Board and has been considered on a regular basis during the year. The Board promotes the development of a strong control culture within the business. During the year the Board addresses the business risks that have been identified as vital, including a review of these risks that takes into account any changes in circumstances over the period. The Board considers that the Group’s hierarchical structure of management and continuous monitoring of key performance indicators provides the e arly warning mechanisms necessary to identify any areas of concern.\r\nCommunication channels\r\nCommunication with employees\r\nTeam briefing/ team talks- internal and formal\r\nThis is carried out each morning with all members of staff work that morning shift and all the mangers within the store. This gives an opportunity for suggestions to be made and opinions to be shared by members of staff. It gives them need as they feel part of a team, as they are able to discuss their views on certain areas. The manager also sets targets for the day and informs the employees of the success or failures which have been encountered.\r\n prepare (Face to Face)- internal and formal\r\nThis method of internal communion will result in successful communication with customers through an external channel. The employees at next need to be informed on how certain tasks are carried out before they start working at the store. This is to ensure that they are able to see to any queries the customer may have. Training the staff will ease the work load of the managers, as they are able to help with the tasks involving customers on the shop floor and therefore help achieve the business objectives. Also, incentives may be given to staff if their hard work is identified, this may motivate the employee to work hard in order to be rewarded.\r\n cognitive operation Appraisals-internal and formal\r\nThis form of communication occurs between the floor manager and the individual members of staff working on that particular floor. This process involves the evaluating of the performance of the individual employee. The manager then provides feedback to the employee on areas where adjustments may need to be made involving performance. This process acts as development experiences, which should enable the employee to improve knowledge and understanding in cookery for future responsibilities. Expectations and requirements are expresses by the manager so the employee is able to set targets to bette r his/her performance.\r\nNotice Board †informal and internal\r\nThis method of communication is used within Next to inform employees about different subjects, for example; events that are due to occur, or perhaps reminders are highlighted to be remembered whilst working, for example customer service. Letters stating the mature and objectives of the business are also placed on the board so it is clear to the employees what they are aiming to achieve.\r\nRoster †formal and internal\r\nThe rosters within next are held on the shop floor and ensure that all members of staff have a clear trace as to what tasks they will be carrying out throughout their shift. They are given set tasks every hour for example: till service, fitting room running, etc, this motivates the staff as they will not get worldly by having to do the same thing all day (job rotation).\r\nCommunication with customers\r\n guest service\r\nWithin Next customer service is essential within every task carried o ut be the employees. The person on front cover has ensure the customer is greeted on entering the store, and if there are any customers already in the store must be approached and asked if they require any help. Employees of next are taught to put the customer first in all circumstances, as they are the ones who are back up next financially. When serving customers on all the till or fitting rooms, they should be greeted and ask if they require any help, in a polite and friendly manner. If a customer requires an item alternatives could be offered as well in order to increase sales.\r\nInternet Selling †external communication\r\nThe Next directory has a link with the next website where customer are able to view and purchase clothes, through online shopping, from next in the comfort of their own homes. The website used is www.next.co.uk\r\n fussy Offers †external communication\r\nThis communication method is used to attract customers to buy products at reduced prices, howev er, after having entered the store customers usually decide to purchase other products they like which may be full priced, increasing Next’s profit.\r\nWindow Displays\r\n actual items that are in the store are arranged in an eye-catching mode and then put on display in the window, so any passers by are able to view items in the shop without having to enter. This may attract new customers who have not visited the store before.\r\n step assurance + adding value\r\nNext do not have a great deal to do with the production process however to ensure the quality of the products are the highest standard possible, the best quality manufacturers are used. The items are continuously checked within the warehouse as well as when they are legitimate by the individual stores. If there are any faults in the garment when being checked in the circulation, then these items are withdrawn and renovated. This process is defined as quality control, and is involves with the espial and removal of a ny products that fall on a lower floor the set standard after they have been produced.\r\nQuality assurance involved attempting to prevent any faults from occurring in the first place. All the returns are monitored and if a trend occurs in the fault of a garment, then the manufactures are seizeed in case there is a fault within the production process. The products are tested to ensure they are highly durable, and therefore of o high quality.\r\n grade is added to Next’s products by its quality assurance and control. The way in which the marketing area of Next carries out its research ensures that sufficient information is obtained about the expectations of consumers so that quality standards required from the consumers is created. This adds value to the product, as the consumers will be more willing to pay for the product as it is at a high quality.\r\nNext have to accept the fact that their designs will not enable them to ‘get it mature’ every year, so they ha ve to take whatsoever risks. Small companies are able to do this and can go on touch; however, larger companies cannot and so therefore need to have systems. Any mistakes that next die to make with any designs of their products do not last too long, as they have a short product round of drinks because they work in seasons. Each new season brings new products. This enables next to bring in new clothing designs and improve on the designs, which were not a success; this will mean further marketing research. However, any products which proved to be a success can be carried over to the next season so that Next can keep their income rate high as they already know the product is successful.\r\nImpact of ICT\r\nThe retail systems used by Next are their own as they are packages that they wrote based on their archetypes. They invented them themselves, however, they’ve outsourced their central processing unit computers and payroll packages. The use of ICT allows the different functi onal areas within next to pass their information through from one to another. This enables them to work together more efficiently as each area has the same information to work with. For example, this can be used for means of administrative work so that any paperwork that concerns costumers can be passed out to the required functional areas within the business\r\n knowledgeable ICT Communications used by Next use ICT to announce both internally externally. This includes communication between managers for example faxing is used to contact each other because they have a fax machine set within their office, therefore they are able to keep a record of what has been communicated, for example, records or letters. If management need to be contacted by the employees from anywhere within the store then pagers would in all probability be the alternative to contact them, as it is heard throughout the store so they will receive it reliable away, whereas with faxing, it may not be received s traight away as they may not be in their office.\r\nAt the till point customers are able to purchase their items, as well as order items in. This can be done as the till enables one to check what items are available to order from the warehouse, or whether any local stores have them, if so then the item can be sent to the store. The till keeps an account of what items have been interchange so best sellers can be identified and the worst selling products can be improved on. It allows more information to be exchanged or to be researched within the store\r\nInternet selling is one main use of ICT within Next; it allows customers to shop and purchase whilst at home so they are able to take time to view products. Also it may appeal to more people who are often too busy to come out shopping. It is an effective way for next to maximise their profits. It also has informative areas on the website which show annual reports of the business to indicate how successful a year it has been. This id ea of online shopping may not be such a good idea in some ways as the customer is otiose to try products before purchase so if it doesn’t fit it will have to be returned.\r\nWithin the financial area of the business the current accounts are stored as files on the computer, to keep it organised well and to ensure it is easily accessible. Also, with the use of specialize software, the procedures involved with accounting are alter a great deal.\r\nSuccess of meeting objectives:\r\nPROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT\r\n disturbance and profit figures are set out in the table below:\r\n employee turnover Profit\r\nExcluding VAT Before valuate\r\n2003 2002 2003 2002\r\n�m �m �m �m\r\nNEXT Retail 1,579.7 1,359.7 213.9 188.2\r\nNEXT Directory 471.7 362.2 65.1 49.2\r\nThe NEXT Brand 2,051.4 1,721.9 279.0 237.4\r\nNEXT Franchise 22.7 19.1 4.4 3.7\r\nVentura 97.4 101.9 11.2 13.0\r\nOther activities 31.1 28.8 15.1 2.5\r\nESOP charge (8.2) (8.0)\r\nTur nover & operating profit 2,202.6 1,871.7 301.5 258.6 +17%\r\n recreate (expense)/income (0.3) 7.2\r\nProfit before tax 301.2 265.8\r\n tax revenue (90.7) (76.0)\r\nProfit after tax 210.5 189.8 +11%\r\nEarnings per share 68.7p 58.1p +18%\r\nThe profit and loss account above clearly indicates that Next has successfully met its objective of maximising profits as it has increased a further 11% since 2002.\r\nNext have continued to make good progress within the year 2003. Earnings per share rose by 18% to 68.7p and were improved by the useful effect of the share buybacks in the last two years.\r\nNext want to own fewer, bigger stores in order to take advantage of the economies of scale. This is a strategy in which they have been working on for the past few years. They are not interested in underdeveloped the number of stores in all areas, they have generally chosen to expand into towns, which they would prefer their stores to be in, and now they have stores in these areas chosen. E ach store has to fit their model in terms of footfall and the time in which it will pay back their investment. Next currently have a 4-5% market share in the UK, but they hope to increase this up to about 8% in the next pentad years. However it is important that they do not dilute their management by diversifying the business or expanding into Europe.\r\nThe Corporate strategy of next: From the early 1990’s Next have resisted all attempts to increase the number of clothing brands that they operate because they were convinced that expansion would lead to the failure of the NEXT Brand. The success that they have achieved over many years as a result of product development, the progressive tense move to larger stores and the increase in the number of home shopping customers, shows that that it is right to continue with their strategies as it is obvious that they are being met successfully due to the success of the business. Although Next retail is what Next is most associated w ith, the Next Directory is also proving to be financially successful and has a turnover of almost �500m and is one of the few really lucrative home-shopping companies in the UK.\r\nNext’s ability to generate cash enables them to continue to buy back their shares when it is in the interests of our shareholders. This is an important part of their aim to deliver long-term growth in earnings per share.\r\nThe success of NEXT is due to the following factors: Their focus on providing their customers with the product they want. The strength and skills of a good, well motivated management team that is true(p) to recognize its mistakes and quick to put them right. The support of their suppliers with whom they work in partnership to achieve good quality and value for money products. Also, the enthusiasm and dedication of all their employees who take great pride in the success of their company.\r\nNext Retail Financial Performance\r\nYEAR\r\n2003 2002 %Change\r\nSALES 1, 12 1.0 944.8 15.7\r\n run PROFIT 130.4 113.6 12.9\r\nPROFIT BEFORE assess 123.2 115.8 6\r\nPROFIT AFTER tax income 85. 7 81.1 5.4\r\nEARNINGS PER SHARE 31.7p 25.5p 19.5\r\nNext Directory Financial Performance\r\n2003 2002 % change\r\n�m �m\r\nSales (exc VAT) 247.1 215.3 +15%\r\n* sprightly customers 1.58m +17%\r\n* Printed pages 1, 246 +20%\r\n* Disappointing profit growth\r\nNext is expected to continue to maintain its solid operating performance and strong free cash flow generation, while carefully managing its maximum potence share buyback of up to �600 million during the financial year of 2004. In order to continue this solid operating performance, there needs to be flexibility within the company’s supply chain and stores. Next has to maintain its successfulness of the correct levels of inventory and the capability of being able to respond to changes in fashion with shorter lead times.\r\nThey need to keep a train and controlled and expan sion strategy. Also a comparatively guileless company structure needs to me maintained to allow successful communication and to allow any problems to be work together as a team.\r\nHowever, their organizational objectives may not be successful, as the profit growth is rather disappointing. A stronger relationship will need to be built with customers so that they are able to develop a better nature for excellence and increase brand loyalty of the customers so that they carry out repeat purchases in next as they are familiar with their products and are satisfied with them.\r\nOrganisational structure\r\nAlthough outside the individual next store the structure seems rather tall, in terms of individual Next stores the structure would most probably be classed as being a now structure as the store manager is in charge of all of the smaller functional areas, which are then in charge of their own section and their staff. This ensures that the span of control is shared, so managers have a shared amount of people to supervise. This therefore results in tint distribution of workload, so the managers are able to carry out their duties effectively. Also with this flat structure, communication is not as limited as people are more accessible to communicate with, as there are more managers of different areas within the business. However, if there were fewer managers then this would mean that they would not be able to communicate with all members of staff as there would not be enough time available to do so, which may result in lowered motivation levels for the employees.\r\nsimplify representation of organisational structure:\r\nChief executive\r\nSales director\r\nRegional manager\r\nArea manager\r\nStore manager\r\nAdministration Finance Human Research and Marketing Production\r\nResources development\r\nOrganisational effect: Next plc’s strength is their adult fashion range, which is for people aged between 20 and 40; these items are sold under their own labe l. This is their main target group. Although some of Next’s competitors find it difficult to satisfy the needs of this particular segment within the market, however, Next has managed to achieve this successfully in the past by selling their products at relatively low prices.\r\nWith their label, next associate their good quality of clothes used as well as good workmanship. Because next are using their own brand, they are able to react on consumer wishes very apace and therefore have total control over the total quality management.\r\nOrganisational Weaknesses:\r\nThe e-commerce section can make further gains. Next sees the Internet as an extension of perhaps the telephone in which people can order their product online. It is a simple process, which only really requires the vehicle that will get the orders to the retailer.\r\nAt present, it is uncertain whether e-commerce will be the future of shopping and if customers are satisfied just sitting on the computer to chose their clothes, however, if the trend in network shopping goes further, then unfortunately Next would be in a sturdy situation in comparison to its competitors as its platform isn’t sufficient enough.\r\nanother(prenominal) weakness is the concentration of similar type of clothing retail companies on the UK market. This may damage the next if its competitors gain market share or if consumers change their habits and next cannot adapt to these changing trends quickly. To spread into foreign markets could perhaps balance any possible risk of decreasing sales. A policy such as this would strengthen Next’s position if the pound became weaker or if the government decided to join the monetary union.\r\nAs Next uses democratic management styles, they highlight open communication, which is based on self-managing teams. These teams are able to share the workload of the managers therefore objectives can be met more quickly and efficiently, rather than the manager being left to carry out a load of work with a escape of communication with the staff. Also this high level of communication ensures all members of staff are aware of the task in hand so they are able to provide a high level of customer sevice and can help meet the requirements of the customer.\r\n pick approaches could be used in order for Next to meet its objectives better:\r\nThe employees could be given more power and responsibility and make them feel more part of team. This would involve changing the culture, in order to make the staff more of a team. The structure will then be flatter, people will work in teams less of a hierarchy, less feel of a division between staff and managers.\r\nAlternative or more motivation methods could be used so that the employees feel more sense of belonging and feel more included in the business so are happier working there, and this will be reflected in the way they work and come across to customers, which will probably be more enthusiastic and willing to help. Bo nus incentives could be a form of motivation, as it will mean that the employees are more willing to work harder and at their best in order to achieve a bonus.\r\nNext could also carry out the process of share save, where they buy shares at reduced rates, and therefore have more money that could be worn-out(a) on expansion of stores or developing new and developed products.\r\nGood quality and price\r\nThis factor is key for success. One way to achieve this object is perhaps to look for a supplier who is fixed in an emerging market to figure at low labour costs. However, this untaught should have a clothing manufacturing background, for example India, Turkey or Hong Kong, so that it is lightheaded to recruit well-trained employees. Furthermore, the supplier should be a part of the production process, so that stock capacity can be reduced.\r\nA quality officer from Next should be at the suppliers at all times in order to guarantee the high quality of clothes. To lower the costs and to gain a better trade position, suppliers should be reduced to a minimum and therefore new price conditions negotiated. This can lead Next to low costs and high quality in the long run.\r\n alliance between next and its environment\r\nThe unripened issue is gaining greater importance and Next should aim to make further progress in this area. The production process should ensure that Next guarantees that plants are environmentally friendly. The factories should contain filters so that erosion is reduced and any used chemicals are biologically decomposed.\r\n some other area is labour force. Next and its supplies should try and aim their production to be carried out successfully and without child labour. This should be communicated to the customers of Next.\r\nShopping as an event\r\nValue should be added for customers, customer care and service should be provided in general. Next should ain to expand their smaller branches into superstores, so that customers are offered specia l services, i.e. clothing consultancies, childcare. In order to attract more customers and help them enjoy their shopping experience small events should be held. Next could perhaps place a small caf� or resting area in the store for inactive people who are not engaged in the process of shopping.\r\nIn order for the main aim of â€Å" forked digit growth” to be achieved and for next plc to get a better position in the market, a strong brand and good service should help lead to this.\r\n'

'Positive Reinforcement for Children Essay\r'

'From a portrayalu exclusivelyy previous(predicate) age, babyren begin to discipline about the association mingled with doingss and progenys. They realize that there is perpetually going to be a consequence whether it’d be validating or ban, that would follow the doings. more or lesstimes kidskinren behave very well and most of the time, children scarper to harbour put ups and others roughly them a hard time. When it comes to behavior modification, some canonic steps include identifying the behavior, setting expectations, monitoring progress, and reinforcing condemn behaviors. Positive financial backing has a lot of resultant on children when it comes to modifying a tar nourished behavior. A reinforcer, which can be either supreme or negative, is defined as an event, stimulus, or condition that, when presented immediately following a behavior ca affairs an sum up in frequency of the behavior (Martin, G., & amp; Pear, J., 2011 p 32).\r\nPositive Reinfor cement for Children\r\n there ar various opinions c at a timerning the value of peremptory reenforcement when discussing modifying behaviors of teen children (Sigler, E., & Aamidor, S., 1990). Children depart always bring guidance in good behavior, and it is a p arnt’s duty to provide this guidance. P atomic number 18nts can pretense good behavior and discuss with their children what constitutes good behavior, and it is helping children symbolise on their witness that bequeath allow them to understand what is impound and what is not in a variety of situations.\r\nEveryone likes to be valuated and children are no different. When children display good behavior, parents should acknowledge their actions by congratulating their children on their decisions. Such plus(p) payoffs allow children to connect that what they did has do their parents happy, and therefore was the correct choice. For example, when a child puts his toys outdoor(a) without being asked, ha ving a parent say â€Å" sound done!” and giving him a cuddle leave alone help him connect that putting toys away is a good decision. However, parents should not confuse positive reinforcement with bribery. at that place is definitely a difference amid a reward and a bribe. If you have particular(prenominal) expectations for a child, such as selectting their planning done before playtime or cleansing their room up each evening, you should never prolong bribes to get them to do these things. They shoot to learn that it is their veraciouseousness to do these things.\r\nHowever, if your child does something exceptionally well, such as getting a good grade on a particularly hard test, so you should keep an eye on and reward their achievements. This exit help the child learn that there are true things that are exactly expected of them, but that going â€Å"above and beyond” has its own rewards. Children should be not be offered rewards in the hopes that they will act in a certain manner, and positive consequences should never be offered before a behavior is carried out. If it is, then parents cannot know for sure whether a child acted a certain way because it was the right thing to do or because he was told to act a certain way and promised a hold dear for doing so.\r\nIt is essential, prior to any discussion concerning modification of behaviors, to separate between ‘praise’ and ‘positive reinforcement’. In the most classic definition, positive reinforcement is a method of identifying to children which behaviors are acceptable and appropriate and which are not. More specifically, the use of positive reinforcement is the act of identifying and encouraging a behavior, with the hopes that the desired behavior will gain (Burden, 2003). The theory is that any behavior followed by a pleasant stimulus is likely to be repeated (Westen, 1999).\r\nThis ‘pleasant stimulus’ can be anything ‘nice†™ and can also include a multitude of other positive responses (Alberto & Troutman, 1990). there are several different ways to use positive reinforcement. At the basic level, you can turn oer the use of natural reinforcement, social reinforcement, token reinforcement, and veridical reinforcement. All of these entail delivering a specific consequence following a desired behavior that increases the likeliness that the behavior will continue or increase in the future.\r\nAlthough praise is one of many forms of positive reinforcement, it is by no means the only or even the crush choice when working with young children. Educators often use praise interchangeably with positive reinforcement when indeed an of the essence(predicate) distinction mustiness be made between the two (Strain & Joseph, 2004). Consistency is very important when interacting with a child. i must stick to the overshadows once they’ve been made, and don’t allow the child to do something one sidereal day and then not let them do it the next. have on’t confuse a child with unavailing decisions, and remember that it’s often necessary to identify a child something more than one time. chatter clearly, and make sure that what you’ve said is understood. Above all, always maintain a positive attitude, because it’s a sure bet that they will be imitating you.\r\nChildren behavior to adults, parents, and teachers for approval in order to confirm that the behaviors they are exhibiting are ones that are desired (Lawhon & Lawhon, 2000). By acknowledging the child’s behavior as appropriate we teach the child which behaviors are preferred over others (Bukatko & Daehler, 2001).\r\nAs primitive as it may seem, most small children behave in a rather random manner repeating behaviors that get a desired or positive reaction. Some children, by chance or intuition, behave in an appropriate manner and some do not. If their ‘reinforc ement’ is attention at all costs, then whatever attention given, even if directed toward a negative behavior, will increase the likelihood that behavior will be repeated (Sternberg, 1998).\r\n schoolgirlish children are egocentric. Young children, especially under the age of four, have a very difficult time thought how psyche else feels (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2002). This doesn’t mean that kids are gauzy selfish but simply that their cognitive increment is not sophisticated enough to understand their own emotions, much less someone else’s. They are ineffective to take the perspective of someone else and understand other’s feelings (Leong & Bodrova, 2003). As children get previous(a) they begin to learn what pleases others, but it is a sluggish process that takes time (Swick, 2001).\r\nPositive reinforcement doesn’t suddenly work over night you need to grasp the child’s mind into thinking if â€Å"I do what I am told I will get a process”. The prototypic week or so may be a little unstable, you’ll find the child demanding treats or most of all once they have their treat they become disobedient. All you need to do is give a little understanding on the bang â€Å"if you’re nasty you won’t get any more treats”. Never give into your condition parenting, your child will kick, cry and scream time lag for you to give in so don’t show them any signs of cracking, the second you give in they are in control and the ladder is then twice as harder to climb to the top.\r\nPeople tend to wonder from time to time, if positive reinforcement is very effective. There are four key elements to positive reinforcement that must be emphasized.\r\n1. Reinforcement serves to increase a desired behavior, while the goal of penalisation is to decrease an undesired behavior (Jackson & Panyan, 2002). It is important to acknowledge that adults have a keen understanding that an undesira ble behavior has an opposing desirable one. 2. There is a phenomenon known as ‘‘extinction discontinue’’ (Ormrod, 1999). This is the rapid production of a behavior once the reinforcement is taken away. 3. It is important to identify positive reinforcers that are easily and quickly attainable. Giving stickers or candy is not always feasible or desirable. That is wherefore positive attention itself is sometimes the best choice. 4. Ignoring unwanted behaviors is a key, but it is essential to break off dangerous or injurious behaviors immediately.\r\nTo sum it all up, It is true that when a child is engaged in a creative activity, like drawing or painting, if you indicate, ‘‘I like the color blue you are using,’’ you will indeed get an entire paginate of the color blue. The important point is to understand why that would happen (Sigler, E., & Aamidor, S., 1990). This does not happen because the child sees value in his/ her own activities or because the child is dependent on an adult’s approval. In fact, this happens because what was said to the child pleased him/her and the child wants to be a part of the life and the activities that interest you. however when it comes to everyday behaviors in aversive situations that need to be modified it is better to positively reinforce.\r\nThe simple rule is: whatever you attend to is what you get. If you reinforce good behavior (whatever is desirable in your eyes) by giving praise and other kinds of positive attention, children will deliver more good behavior.\r\n'