Spc2608 Exam Two Study Guide

Chapter 24 Persuasive Speaking Goal overstep sought after ends through an honest elbow roomI. Persuasion the art ability of observing in a flagn case the available means of scene. Persuasion is symbolic, non-coercive (not forced) influence 3 factors Contextsocial, cultural, political climate ingredientpersuader Receiver audition **Equal opp. To persuade, Complete revelation of agendumslet consultation agnise deal list of goals and how you intend to get auditory sense in that respect, Critical receivers moderate to understand whats universe said thinkworthy doer conducts converse naughtilyTake responsibility for what is said and deal with consequencesFosters informed prime(a)gives all facial expressionsAppeals to the best in peoplenot the worst run across receiverAw ar of attempts to influencebe aw ar of motivesInformed slightly important topicsKnow their own biasesknow what predisposes us circumspect not to utilize in defensive listeningAware of methods of pers uasionInfluence the beliefs, attitude, and acts of others decoct on need What runs listeners? Make your heart and soul personally relevant Demonstrate the benefit of lurch Set modest goalsTarget go a government agencys the audience feels strongly about Establish credibilityII. Speeches built upon argument, 3 forms of magic spells Logos, Ethos, PathosLogosappeal to reason or logic, *Aristotle wished that all appealing take on through LOGOS *Our ability to articulate rationality, appealing to logic and victimisation reasoning to persuadeEthoscredibility, moral character. To express mouther credibility * Present topics honestly, establish identification, commonality, and goodwill, use personal knowledgePathosemotional states of audience.Pride, love, anger etc. rive our pull throughsthrough through vivid imagery **Aristotle said Two main sources of quick emotion= LOVE AND FEAR Syllogism Major premise obvious controversy Minor premiseextension of major premises logic Con clusionderived from above two master(prenominal) ONE All hu small-arms are somebody Socrates is human Socrates is mortal RHETORICAL SYLLOGISM=Enthymeme * Created by Aristotle * He claims that this communicates without saying EVERYTHINGaudience dirty dog admit in blanks * Idea is that we can fill in the blank ourselvesthat mold is powerfulus persuading ourselves 3 cornerstones of honest fitnessCredibility-confidence, character, ETHOS (as vocalizer)worthy of trust *Makes people want to listen to us, tend to it with care Integritya state of incorruptibilityshould signal that we are willing to avoid compromising the honor for the sake of personal expediency Stabilityrespect for others, cooperation, self-sacrifice creation audience centeredto whom and for whom, worthy, honored, and respected as individualsIII. Target listener needsMaslows hierarchy of needseach of us has a basic direct of needs that range from crucial to self-improving. Ex. To convince one to use seatbelts, appe al to ones need for safety. basic needs Physiological, Safety, Social, Self-esteem, and Self-actualizationIV. Mental EngagementCentral processing seriously cut into your message, more comparablely to act Peripheral processing Lack motivation to judge argument based on meritsmost wish wellly wint experience inwardnessful change **For Central processing concern argument to practical concerns, present message at appropriate take of understanding, demonstrate common bond, stress credibilityV. Sound argumentsoffer finis, evidence, link to reasoningClaim states conclusion w/ evidence. A line of reasoning is called a warrant. Fact Focus on truth/lie, what will/wont happen court issue with 2+ sides Value Address judgment issues, right VS legal injury Policy recommend precise course of natural actionpropose specific outcome Deductive reasoning begin with general principle, use specifics, pass to conclusion Inductive from specific to generalitys supportedevidence pointing to concl usionVI. Logical delusion false statement leading to invalid reasoningBegging the questionargument express so that it cannot help but be straightforward, even without evidenceBandwagoninguses unsubstantiated tactual sensation as false evidenceEither-orgives only two alternatives Ad hominem argumenttargets a person and not the argumentRed herringrelies on irrelevant premise for conclusionHasty generalizationargument where, in an isolated incidence, it proves true and is used to make an untamed general conclusionNon sequiturdoes not follow conclusion doesnt = reasoningSlippery slope falling out assumption that one case will lead to events or actionsAppeal to customsSuggest audience should agree b/c its the way its endlessly beenAddressing core values Cultural norms, cultural premises, emotions **BE SENSITIVEVII. MonroesMotivated sequence 5 step process, arouse listener attention + end with call of actioneffective when you want audience to do somethingStep 1 attention, addresses core concerns, relevance, credibility, etc.Step 2 Need, describes issue at hand, shows importance of needStep 3 Satisfaction, identify solutionproposalStep 4 Visualization, vision of anticipated outcomeStep 5 Action, ask audience to act in accordance to acceptance of message 4 pillars of characterTrustworthinessbeing honest, revealing the true purpose. Honest and dependableRespectrecognize audience members are rummyNO PERSONAL ATTACKS, allow audience power of rational woofResponsibility duty for what we say and dooffering appropriate appealsFairnessacknowledge all sides of issuegiving the audience enough information to make a finality**In additionCaring and Citizenship Caringbeing kind and tender-hearted Citizenshipdoing our part as citizens Chapter 16 Using LanguageI. Style * Simplicity reiterate jargon into common terms * Be conciseuse fewer lyric poem, use repetition * Personal pronounsDraw audience in, encourage interest Concrete language VS uprise Concrete conveys speci fic and tangible meanings * Abstract general, leaves meaning to interpretation Imageryconcrete language that paints pictures * Figures of linguistic process metaphors, similes, and analogies where words are used in nonliteral fashion to achieve empty talkal effect Code switching selective use of dialect that can give your speech friendliness, humor, earthiness, nostalgia, etc. AVOID * Malapropismsincorrect uses of word where it sounds like it fits * Biased language * Unnecessary JargonII. Voiceactive, indicates causa relation to action affair culturally sensitive and gender-neutral language, shows respect for beliefs, norms, and traditions Repetition to create speech bikerepeating key words or phrases to create distinctive rhythm and enforce idea into minds of listeners * Anaphora Repeated phrase at base of successive phrases/clauses/sent. Ex. I Have A Dream-MLK Alliteration for poetic choiceRepetition of same sounds in 2+ neighboring words * Ex. plenty with dope, up with h ope-Jesse Jackson Parallelismarrangement of words/phrases in similar form Helps to emphasize important ideas of the speech, creates rhythm* Ex. Orally reckoning points Device of antithesis (One small step for man, one giant leap for man kind) * Repeating a key word in intro, body, and conclusion Chapter 25 Speaking on special joins Speech that is prepared for a purpose dictated by the occasion, can be informative or persuasive **Commemorative speechpays tribute with fundamental purpose to thrill audience Employ imagerystylistic devices, varied rhythm * Antithesis, alliteration, assonance * Hyperboledeliberately overstating in a fanciful way * parity Use fresh languageavoid overused phrases, select words that obtain the thought * Avoid monotony, vary rhythm, use humorWhen using humor * acquaint self with devices of humorexaggeration, iron, anti-statement, joke telling * Analyze our own talents when delivering dry speechesfocus on what other people think is funny about you, not what YOU think is funny * Avoid humor pitfallssteer kick the bucket of anything offensive * Use humorous everyday experiencesrelatable Consider audienceTo whom/for whom we speak * Address audience in ways that will resonate with them * Use mood to craft an appropriate message ** Meaning is created in the connection between vocalizer and audienceI.Special Occasion Speech function To entertain, celebrate, commemorate, inspire or set social agenda * Entertainlisteners expect light-hearted, amusing speech. speaker unit offers degree of insight on topic * CelebrateSpeaker praises subject of celebrationa degree of ceremony in accordance with norms of the occasion * Commemorateoffer tribute and memories * Inspireex. Inaugural address, key rase speech, commencementmotivate by examples of achievement * Set social agendaarticulation of goal/groups values, ex. Fundraisers, banquets, cause oriented gatheringsII.Speech of substructure Warms up the audience for main speaker, heighten intere st, and build credibility intravenous feeding ELEMENTS background, subject of message, occasion, audience * Speaker backgroundachievements and facts showing why speaker is relevant * Subject, Preview topicsense of why subject is of interest, does non assess speech or comment on it * Ask for audience welcome * Be brief2 minute max.III. Speech of borrowingresponse to an purity. Purpose express gratitude for honor * Prepared in cast aside * Express what the award means to you, convey its value * Show gratitude, give thanks people by nameIV. Speech of Presentation (1) communicate meaning of the award and (2) Explain why recipient is receiving it Convey awards meaning what it is for and represents, mention sponsors and their link to the award Explain why recipient is receiving it play up achievements, qualifying attributes, and why he deserves it Plan physical presentation Consider logistics beforehandV. Roast/Toast, roasthumorous tribute that pokes fun, toastshort celebrating sp eech focused on achievement * Prepare draft, rehearse, etc. but break through impromptu * Highlight traits Limit to 1-2 best attributes that convey qualities hat make the person a focus of celebration * Be positive have a positive tone as it pays tribute to honoree * Be briefVI. praise/other, Eulogy derived from Greek words to praise commonly done by a close friend or family member of deceased person Celebrates a persons life, commemorating while consoling those left stern * Balance delivery and emotionAudience is seeking guidance dealings with the loss, give them closure. * Refer to family of deceasedShow respect and mention names, as the funeral is primarily to benefit them * Be positive, but realistic Emphasize deceaseds positive qualities, but avoid excess praiseVII. After dinner party Speechlight hearted and entertaining listeners are to gain insight into topic. Usually given at some time during a civil, business, or passkey meeting as it is to follow a formal dinner * s eparate occasionspeech should be on topic to avoid show canned or used over and over in diff. settings. fall out remarks low key to be considerate to those eatingVIII. Inspiration Speechmotivate listener to positively consider, reflect on, or act according to speakers words. Use emotional force urge us towards purer motives reminding us of a common good. Appeal to emotions(1) vivid description and (2) emotionally aerated words * Use real storiesExamples of REAL people accomplishing goals and triumphing adversities * Be projectileinspire through delivery * Have clear goals * Distinctive shaping devicehelp audience remember message Ex. Acronyms * Dramatic finishinginspires audience to feel or act Persuasion Aristotle, called persuasion rhetoric or the art. Defined as the faculty of observing in a given case the available means of persuasion. Kenneth Burke persuasionartful use of the resources of ambiguity. Stay away from specifics find ways to have the audience identify with the action or side that we wantmuch like advertising **Think of persuasion as enlightenmentas an chance to view a different perspective. A chance to create something from zippo by establishing new relationships by sharing experiences, and creating understanding in litigious issues. Ethical Persuasion Ethical communication and persuasion are an prototypeour communication improves exponentially the closer we get to this ideal. The goal is to reach the desired ends through an honest means. **Persuasion is symbolic, non-coercive influence.Symbolic communication language is our symbolic delegacy of realityNon coercive=not forced, we have a choice. In put together for persuasion to occur ethically the target of the persuasive message essentialiness have the experience of choice, they must understand that they have a choice whether or not to accept the persuasive appeal. In order for this perception of choice to be a reality, several conditions must be met, if these conditions are n ot met, then the communicative act is coercion not persuasion. Checklist for responsible persuasionshould do before we engageethically, we should aim to ensure reliable characteristics/qualities exist.The three factorsI. Context where, the climatecultural, politicalII. Agent the persuaderIII. Receiver audienceI. Context (three conditions that must be met for ethical persuasion) 1. Both/All sides should have equal fortune to persuade (if we only hear one side we have no choice ) and ALL sides should have equal access to communication media (but in most cases one needs money for this).2. There should be complete revelation of agendaseach side must notify the audience of its true aims and goals and say how it intends to go about achieving them. This means that you must tell the audience where you want to take them eventually, not just steps along the waythey should know your ultimate aim, so you should divulge aim.3. The third condition, and most important, is that there must be critical receivers, receivers who test the assertions and evidence available. To be ethical communication there must be people who can evaluate what is being saidan informed public with tools to analyze, or the speaker/agent should provide them tools. It is both the speaker and audiences fault because no one wants to take the time to learn, work, critically evaluate, etc.II. Agent 1. The responsible agent takes communication seriously and is prepared to take responsibility for what is said and to deal with the consequences.2. responsible communication fosters informed choice. We should aim to give the audience both sides of the issues we are advocatingto give them all the information that is available and then inform them why our side is better.3.The responsible agent appeals to the best in people, not the worst. We must be careful not to take advantage of an audiences fears, ignorance, or biasesif people are coerced theyll jump ship later.III. Receiver (four things to consider)1. Responsible receivers are aware of attempts to influence. We must be alert, critical, and constantly aware of the motives of the messages around us and attempts to persuade.2. Responsible receivers stay informed about important topics. Issues affecting us must be investigated so that we are ready when persuasive messages establish us.We are the engines of democracy we must be critical and involved3. Responsible receivers know their own biases. We must avoid defending against messages simply because a message is unpleasant and or challenges what we believe. We must know what predisposes us to look at things in a certain way, and be careful not to engage in selective listening, etc. This helps us to keep from immediately discounting information.4. Responsible receivers are aware of methods of persuasionso we should study and learn methods of persuasion (which you are doing now ).