Examining Violence In Titus Andronicus Film Studies Essay

Examoing Violence In Titus Andronicus Film Stu hold ups Es articulateTitus Andronicus is probably oneness of the most nonorious and ruby melts that the poet and getwright William Shakespe be has ever written. But point if this certain r sluicege free rein is unheard-of, thither is still a fortune of room for fancyation, even more(prenominal) when it is discriminated to a pic version. One could for example comment on the any(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) murders, the thronenibalism, the ravishment, the dismemberment of human bodies and so on.Thus, revenge and violence argon an classic topic in this play and that is why I im commence die the presentation of violence in Julie Taymor s version of Titus Andronicus named Titus and released in 2000, and comp ar it to the histrionics of violence in the primary source. What I would resembling to examine is that in the withdraw violence is presented in a fanciful bearing. So the question is, whether the play g et rid ofers a wild stern for Taymor s charge or whether this is rather her admit reading.In recite to do that, I impart first define the image of the imaginative, including its con nonations and effects on the contri onlyor or the listening. Furthermore, I will pick expose circumstances that support my origin.To tell the trem breakous in the film I will depict and interpret three key sentiments. The first barb will be Lavinia s rape, in which Lavinia is assaulted by Chiron and Demetrius and gets her bridge players and tongue cut off later onwards. In addition, I will present a picry, whither a messenger delivers Titus Andronicus his own go by and his sons tribal chiefs. The conk impression will deal with the function, whither Titus dresses up as a cook and serves Tamora, his most dreaded enemy, and others her twain sons that he killed and cooked earlier.1.2. randomness on the Play and the FilmIn this section I would like to appoint information on th e play and on the film in short terms. Titus Andronicus, which is a revenge play as already mentioned, was written by Shakespe ar in the late 1580s and updated around 1593 . Sw rdh claims that on that point atomic number 18 still critics who are not sure whether the play was written by Shakespeare alone, since it is genuinely unalike from his other plays.Julie Taymor s film Titus was released in 1999 and failed at the box office al grandgh it was highly praised by critics. In her adaptation the yarn is find step up in Ancient Rome but is mixed with youthful elements, such as cars and firearms. In addition, in Taymor s framing of the Shakespearean play the boundary surrounded by actuallyity and fiction is crossed some(prenominal) times .This crossing of boundaries is a hint that Taymor theatrical portions the filmic mode in her adaptation. agree to Jorgens on that point are some(prenominal) modes that are utilize to measure the films turn onual congress distanc e from the language and conventions of the theatre . In Shakespeare on Film he introduces the theatrical, the vivid and the filmic mode.The theatrical mode looks like a theatre achievement and involves the audience. There are a lot of strong suit and long pearlescents used. The realistic mode, however, takes advantage of the photographic tv television camera s unique ability to show us things . This for example includes close-ups.The filmic mode is the mode of the film poet, whose works bear the analogous relation to the surfaces of reality that poems do to ordinary conversation . That means that reality becomes insignifi screwt in the filmic mode and quarter be mixed up with elements of the unreal. In this mode many non-theatrical techniques which in like manner include close-ups, long torpedos, several camera cant over and movements. In Taymor s adaptation the reality is penetrated by dream sequences that Taymor herself calls Penny Arcade Nightmares or short P.A.N.s. T wo examples of the P.A.N.s will be discussed later in this piece of music. correspond to Jorgens, the filmic mode makes it possible for the directors not only to present what Shakespeare literally has written in his plays but likewise the subtext , which reveals the character qualitys and thoughts between the lines of a play. In this paper I will show that the marvellous is what is hidden between the lines in Shakespeare s play and what is made extreme pointly visible in Taymor s film.2. The GrotesqueAccording to Thomson the concept of the grotesque changes from time to time and has gained wideness only since the 1950s. However, the concept of the grotesque is old and was already used by poets as Dante and Ovid. The ground gaolbreak office to define the grotesque is to view it as a essentially ambivalent thing, as a violent clash of opposites Thomson argues that the grotesque is ceaselessly connected to the rummy and the terrifying at the same time and that there is tro uble to decide whether something is grotesque (not only in the maven of preposterous but as well in the sense of strange) or horror. This leads to an unresolved problem and the special impact of the grotesque will be lacking if the contravene is resolved .Thus he offers the definition that the grotesque is the unresolved clash of incompatibles in work and response .Something grotesque can overly be named bizarre, derisory and macabre, which I think is in any case really common in both, the film and the play. One of the lines Titus says in the scope where he asks Aaron to cut off his hand is L death me thy hand and I will admit thee mine (3.1.189). He asks Aaron to help him to cut off his hand and tells him that he will give him his hand when Aaron is done. This is a macabre situation be bugger off the fact that Titus is having his hand lopped off is real gruesome, but the line he is saying is funny (in the sense of comic) and this evokes two opposite feelings namely dis gust and amusement which is, according to Thomson, the coarse but abnormal reaction to the grotesque.Harpham puts the definition of the grotesque in different words when we use the word grotesque we record the sense that although our care has been arrested, our under stand is unsatisfied . He besides explains that the grotesque has always to do with the clash of two opposites, such as the known and the unknown or the sensed and the unperceived . Although he agrees with Thomson concerning the reaction towards the grotesque, he elaborates more on the fact that the grotesque also depends on our own perception and interpretation of a certain issue. He argues that these two points (among others) play a life-and-death role in creating the sense of the grotesque .Yates also points out that in Hellenic mythology a grotesque creature was something that had human and animalistic proboscis split. This could be a person with the notch of a bat, a shew with the teeth of an animal a nd so on. In Taymor s film, this definition of the grotesque is used several times. The most persistent depression is that of Lavinia as a woman with the head of a muscularity. This comparison will be discussed later.In this paper, I will define a moving picture as grotesque if it matches Thomson s definition. That means that I will analyse whether a scene is funny and terrifying at the same time in order to be called grotesque.3. The Original Titus Andronicus and Taymor s Adaptation3.1. characterization 1 Lavinia s Rape3.1.1. The Main SceneThe scene starts with Tamora s sons entering with the ravished Lavinia in 2.4.1 in the play and their hysteric laughter in 6305 min in the film, ending at line 55 and at 6619 min. This scene will be analyzed concerning camera movements, angles and framing, because this is truly big for the interpretation of this scene.This scene was chosen as one of the grotesque scenes because Lavinia is presented in a very(prenominal) grotesque way. It is not only her looks but also the use of the camera and the music that create this belief. All of these elements will be explained in this chapter.The rape scene flummoxs with an extreme long panorama of the two brothers laughing and moving around Lavinia, who is only shown from the back, being plainly take afterwards the rape and mutilation. It is filmed from a high angle and creates the image that the audience jaws the scene from her point of view. There is also a hand-held camera used, which moves quickly and follows the two men (or rather male childs) cause a jerky, ragged effect , which is very often used in the horror genre. In addition, the fact that Lavinia is only seen from behind arouses the feeling that something very uncomfortable is following.When Lavinia is finally seen from front view, a canted angle, suggesting imbalance , and a long duck soup are used, so that Lavinia s whole organic structure and her surroundings can be recognized. She starts moving, h er face wreathing in anguish. This adds to the grotesque impression of the whole scene. When Chiron and Demetrius leave we can see Marcus walking finished the plant. As he sees Lavinia, he starts walking towards her. Here, a medium shot is used and the scene is filmed on eye level. The camera movement can be described as a reverse dolly shot, which honourable follows the character that is filmed slowly and steadily. The camera starts zooming closer to Lavinia and when she opens her mouth, there is a medium shot showing her upper part of the consistence, which is followed by a close-up at Marcus s face.This whole minute part of the scene with Marcus and Lavinia is shot at eye level. This is a contrast to the first part where Lavinia is filmed with Tamora s sons. It creates the impression that Marcus and Lavinia are at the same level. Marcus is devastated and pities Lavinia and you can see how much he loves his niece, so there is no imbalance or violence at all. Tamora s sons, however, hurt Lavinia and make fun of her afterwards. Moreover, the buckram movements of the camera in the second part of the scene and the fast camera movements in the first part of the scene also aggravate this effect.In the film version, a lot of lines from the play have been remaining out in this scene. However, the words that Marcus says in the play are shown by the actors by means of facial expressions and movements of the consistency. In the play he says Alas, a crimson river of secure blood Doth rise and fall between thy rosed lips (2.3.22-2.3.24). These lines and the following monologue are left out in the film. But since Lavinia opens her mouth and the audience can actually see the blood, it is not necessary for Marcus to repeat that. The whole monologue where he regrets what happened to Lavinia is also made superfluous through the close-up at his face, which already has been described. At this moment, his facial expression demonstrates his distress and words are no t necessary.Another important fact in this scene is that Lavinia is compared to a tree diagram. Marcus says in the playSpeak gentle niece, what stern ungentle detentionHath lopped and hewed and made thy body bareOf her two branches, those sweet ornaments (2.3.16-2.3.19)Here, Marcus uses a lot of expressions that have to do with wood and wood processing, which are branches , lopped and hewed , thus study her body to a tree. When he finds Lavinia in the film version, branches have been plugged into her stumps. This creates a very grotesque impression. It is funny in the sense of strange, because it is a very uncommon picture and it is terrifying at the same time, if one thinks about the pain that Lavinia must feel at this moment.Although this is not explicitly mentioned in the primary source, one could say that the play provides a basis for Taymor s interpretation because of the several comparisons to wood. Taymor also sets the scene that is described here in a place that reminds o f a suddenly wood, because there are dead, black trees and stubs everywhere, surrounded by a lot of mud. In this scene Lavinia is also standing on a stub, which adds even more to Marcus s comparison of her as a tree, and her movements remind of a thin tree that is swaying in the wind.What is also worth mentioning is that earlier in the film, in the scene where Chiron and Demetrius kill Lavinia s husband Bassanius in front of her, the scene is set in a verdant forest. But after her rape the forest is dead, which could also be an allusion to the destruction of Lavinia and her chastity.Another hint that Lavinia s rape should be presented in a grotesque way is that fact that the accompanying that happened to her is often compared to Philomela s story. Harpham argues that the grotesque can also be prove in the work of the Roman poet Ovid. Interestingly enough, Ovid s work is also used very often as a metaphor in Shakespeare s play. Marcus says later in the scene about his nieceA craft ier Tereus, cousin, hast thou met,And he hath cut those pretty fingers off,That could have better sewed than Philomel.(2.3.41-2.3.43)Here, he compares Lavinia to Ovid s Philomela who is raped by King Tereus of Thrace and gets her tongue cutped off, as well. That comparison establishes a connection between the grotesque scene in Taymor s film and Shakespeare s play.However, according to Cartelli and Rowe, Taymor does not present Lavinia as Philomela but as Daphne, who is also one of the protagonists of Ovid s poems. Daphne was like Lavinia a chaste virgin. She was persecuted by Apollo who was madly in love with her and so she asked her fore fuck off Peneus, a river god, to change her shape in order to stop Apollo. Consequently, her bugger off turned Daphne into a tree. The picture of Lavinia as Daphne is even more change when unseasoned Lucius brings her wooden detention to replace hers.Another important argument is that Lavinia is everlastingly compared to an animal. In the sc ene where Aaron talks Chiron and Demetrius into raping Lavinia she is very often referred to as a doe. Aaron even says And strike her home by force, if not by words (1.1.618). According to the notes of this edition the word striking was used as a technical term for killing or wounding a deer . In Taymor s film, there is a P.A.N. that reflects this allusion, which will be discussed later in this chapter.Thus, Lavinia is often compared to animals and to trees, but she is never regarded as a woman. Hanson argues that female composite figures are seen as sexual animals in Greek mythology. Lavinia is reduced to a sex emblem (as would be called nowadays).Finally, one could say that Lavinia s rape scene which is depicted in a very grotesque way in the film is not explicitly grotesque in the play. However, Shakespeare provides a basis for the grotesque scene, by comparing Lavinia to a tree and to Philomela, whose story was perceived as grotesque, as well and by actually having her hands an d tongue lopped off.3.2.2. Additional Scene Lavinia as doe womanThis scene cannot be found explicitly in Shakespeare s play. However, it is important for the scene that was described higher up and adds crucial information for the picture of Lavinia in the play. This very short scene is also one of the already mentioned Penny Arcade Nightmares . It starts at 9325 min and end at 9415 min.Starks argues that the P.A.N.s, which occur at strategic moments passim Titus, further interrogate the act of viewing horror . She adds that they are say to mix reality and imagination. Usually, in P.A.N. the characters try to reprocess something that has happened to them. But there is also always a nightmare element in these P.A.N.s.This P.A.N. happens collimate to the action in the play. It is the moment where Lavinia writes tear down the names of Chiron and Demetrius in the sand. The do directions tell us that she takes a supply in her mouth, and guides it with her stumps, and writes (4.1. 76). In the film the staff reminds of a phallic symbol (Lavinia is reduced to a sex symbol once more) and the P.A.N. takes place while she writes.At the beginning she can be seen with the head of a doe on her head and with tigers jumping from both sides at her. There is a long shot used and the whole scene is shown in slow motion. The doe usually connected to innocence and impuissance and one must involuntarily think of Walt Disney s Bambi. The tigers however are connected to strength and power. This shows that poor Lavinia had no chance to protect herself from the two brothers. The music in the background sounds psychedelic and is accompanied by Lavinia s grunts. The colours are mainly blue and black except for her fresh dress.Suddenly Lavinia looks scared and there are close-ups of her face and the faces of Chiron and Demetrius. The last shot shows Lavinia standing on a substructure in a ginger snap in her white dress which reminds very much of Marilyn Monroe, who was a sex sym bol in the 1950s. This comparison underlines the idea that Lavinia is reduced constantly to an objective lens of desire in the play and in the film.This P.A.N. shows us what cannot be seen in the main scene. We can see how much Lavinia must have suffered and as Taymor puts it a bolt of electric shock seems to run through Lavinia s body . However, the comparison to Marilyn Monroe in that situation and the fast cuts that are put in concert in the P.A.N. create a very grotesque image.According to Cartelli and Rowe the arrangements in this scene are the same as in all the other P.A.N.s. The victim stands in the middle and is attacked from the left and the right side.Stark also connects the shot where Lavinia can be seen standing on a pedestal to the first shot after her rape. The idea is basically the same Lavinia is standing on a stump, wearing a white dress in a breeze. In this scene she seems to be the one who is put above all of the others but she is also the one who is humiliated in the thrash way. However, the two shots evoke completely different feelings. After her rape the audiences is blow out of the water by that shot and we pity Lavinia. But in the second shot the audience looks at her as an appealing woman, who is teasing with her movements, which adds a grotesque element to the whole Lavinia theme in the film. But, from our point of view her representation in the whole play is grotesque as well because of her constantly reduced role.3.2. Scene 2 Titus and many severed body partsThis scene will deal with Titus cutting off his hand with the countenance of Aaron in order to trade it for the live of his sons. But Aaron tricks him and so, Titus only gets the heads of his two sons and his own hand at the end. In the play this scene starts in 3.1.151 and ends with line 206, going on from 3.1.235 until line 241. In the film the scene starts at 7519 min, goes on until 7800 min and lapses from 8019 min to 8421 min. The part in between is not connected clos ely to the scene and will be left out.In this scene hands play again an important role. Lavinia loses her hands after the rape and cannot be an independent person anymore. In this scene the meaning of hands becomes even more evident. According to Katherine Rowe the hand is perceived as a separate part of the body, which controls the material world. She argues that the hand is the body part most often associated with intentional, effective action . Even Aristotle discussed the importance of hands and claimed that the hand is the mover of instruments . According to Rowe, the Greek philosopher Galen continued Aristotle s thought and asserted that the hand not only is the supreme instrument but also a tool that uses tools .In the play there are often allusions made to the hand and it is associated with many different adjectives and attributes. It is called victorious, noble, unaccented and so on. What is also elicit is that the hand is the one that gets credited for several deeds . In this scene for example Lucius says to his fatherStay father, for that noble hand of thineThat hath thrown down so many enemiesShall not be sent.(3.1.163-3.1.165)Thus, it is the crowning(prenominal) punishment to lose a hand and turn into a person, who cannot be independent anymore. But still, Titus does not hesitate to give his hand for his sons lives, even though the thought of cutting it off must be horrible. This is the part of the scene, which fulfils the criterion of being terrifying in order to be grotesque. The funny part (this time in the sense of comic) is fulfilled by what is say by Titus. He tells Aaron Lend me thy hand and I will give thee mine (3.1.188) Titus is actually making a joke in this very serious, potentially life-threatening situation.This creates an image of something grotesque and this is also how Taymor presents the scene in her film. This part of the scene is set in a kitchen. Here, the grotesque is very explicit, because Titus enters the kitchen wi th Aaron, takes away the cook s carving board, which she secure used to chop vegetables, lays down his hand and lets him cut it off with a cleaver. It is a comic situation because the severed hand looks unreal as if it is elastic and because there is no blood at all, but still the thought of the pain that one must suffer getting his hand lopped off and Titus s facial expression, create a feeling of horror, which is supported by a close-up at Titus s face.The use of the camera and the filming techniques do not have as much importance in this scene as in the scene discussed in chapter 3.1. However, it is noticeable that Aaron talks directly to the camera several times, which is called a face-on tracking shot. This creates the effect that he is directly addressing the audience and he usually does that, when he is supposed to say something aside in the stage directions of the play.However, what is more important is the use of music in this scene. When Aaron and Titus walk to the kitche n to cut Titus s hand off, a lot of trumpets, horns and string players can be heard. The music sounds aggressive, frightening and loud and fits to the determined walk of the two characters and their speed. When Aaron leaves the kitchen with the hand and starts talking to the camera, the music changes and jazzy sounds can be heard. This again underlines the words that are said and helps turning the mood from frightening to comic.The second part of the scene is even more grotesque, because Taymor once again mixes current elements with those from the Roman Empire. Guneratne puts it in the following words a derelict biker-clown pulls a wagon functioning as a mobile arcade and, after dancing grotesquely about and manically promoting his show like a maladjusted carny barker, he unveils the severed heads of Titus s two sons and the hand Titus severed to pay off them .This scene is described as a P.A.N. by Taymor herself. According to Cartelli and RoweThe centime arcade evokes the ca rnivalesque atmosphere of a fair or beachside entertainment zona given over to casual meandering among games of chance, fortune tellers, tattoo parlours, and overstuffed displays of cheap prizes and merchandise .This quote implies that what you usually can see in such a circumstance is meaningless and just used as entertainment, but seeing the heads of one s own two sons has actually nothing to do with entertainment and cheap prizes , which add to the grotesque effect. Cartelli and Rowe continue that the P.A.N.s also demonstrate nightmare and let the characters relive what has happened to them before. However, the P.A.N described here is different, since it reflects a situation that is actually going on and not just a dream of one of the characters This still life P.A.N. signals the turn in the play where the nightmares are now reality and madness can be confused with sanity .To underline the grotesque picture of the messenger Taymor also changes his character. In the play he seem s to be compassionate, talking to Andronicus about his father s death. But in the film, he seems to be uninterested in what he is saying, as if he is quoting something he, himself, has no stake in . The way he delivers his massage supports the grotesque in the film. However, in this short part Taymor did not take the play as a basis for her interpretation.In this whole scene the comic element is presented at first by the clown and the little girl. The music, that is played, sounds like circus music and stops abruptly as the clown pulls up the roller shutter. The effect is that the audience is floor and terrified, since the two heads of the sons, which look fairly unreal and disgusting, swimming in a red fluid, put in a dirty glass cover, are finally visible for everyone.This is already very grotesque but it becomes even more grotesque when Titus asks Lavinia to take his dead, severed hand in her sternly injured mouth. The picture of the raped and mutilated girl with the dishevell ed pig and the hand in her mouth makes her look like a dog, which is a very disturbing thought.Finally, one could say that this is also a scene, where the play offers a grotesque basis for Taymor s version. Marcus suggests that Titus should rant but quite of ranting Titus starts laughing. This is a reaction, which is not expected by the reader and turns the situation into something uncommon. In addition, the moment where Lavinia shall take her father s hand and channelise it in her mouth is really happening in the play and Taymor takes Titus s request literally. The effect of this scene is stronger in the film than in the play, because observation Lavinia taking the hand is much more disturbing than reading it.3.3. Scene 3 Titus, the CookThe last scene that will be discussed in this paper starts in 5.3.26 and ends with line 65. In the film the scene goes from 13830 min to 14430 min. In this scene, the grotesque can be found everywhere. It is grotesque how the cakes containing the two dead sons are presented. It is grotesque how Titus kills his own lady friend and how all of the protagonists are stabbed with a knife, a spoon and a candleholder. The music, the camera angles and filming techniques everything in this scene seems grotesque.This analysis will begin with the filming techniques. Directly at the beginning of the scene there is a close-up at the two pies that Titus made out of Chiron s and Demetrius bodies, cooling down on a windowsill. There is vivid, friendly, jazzy music playing in the background and the curtains are moving slowly because of the wind. This picture evokes the feeling that some lovely housewife who lives in a cosy home, made these red-hot looking pies for her family.But of course, this is not the case and the knowledge of the two dead human beings indoors that pies cause feelings of disgust and agitation. As soon as the guests including Tamora, Saturnius, Lucius, Marcus and others are seated Titus brings in one of the pies and cut s it. The first peace is for Tamora and inside the pie looks bloody and raw, once again creating disgust. The whole scene is shot at eye level and most frequently there are medium shots and close-ups used to show the characters.However, when everyone starts eating there are several extreme close-ups at their mouths chewing with pieces of the pie sticking between their teeth. Wilson argues that these kinds of shots are supposed to cause dramatic effect . Looking at these people chewing raises the feeling of disgust even more.What is also remarkable is the use of the camera in the very last seconds of the scene. When Lucius puts a spoon in Saturnius mouth and feeds it into him until he suffocates, the scene is suddenly shown in slow motion and finally comes to a complete stop. Suddenly, Lucius is the only one that can move. He spits at Saturnius and shoots him afterwards.Finally, the scene is over and the rest of the characters are standing in the Coliseum. My suggestion is that these last seconds are used in order to point out Lucius s role. He is the only child of Titus who all in all preoccupied one daughter and 23 sons that is still alive. Lucius makes not only an end to the scene but also to the whole violence and revenge, and becomes the smart emperor butterfly afterwards.Music and sounds in general are also very important in this scene. They underline the action in the film and support the use of the camera. When the very beautifully looking Lavinia enters the room the music changes and there is a quite orchestra in the background. As soon as Titus says that she must die it starts getting louder and when he breaks her neck, which is highlighted by a creaky sound, the music gets very loud and dramatic. A few seconds later there is again a change. When Titus stabs Tamora the soft music changes after a short moment and becomes aggressive. Now, didder music is used and is played until the ends of the scene. The rock music underlines the chaos that is brea king out at this moment and since everything goes very fast from there adds to the surprise that the audience experiences after the end of the scene.Here, Lavinia is once more reduced to an animal. The way her father breaks her neck reminds more of wounded sparrow then of a woman or even a child. Again, Lavinia is compared to a historical figure. Titus alludes to Virginius who killed his daughter Virginia because she was deflowered (5.3.38). What is shocking is that in this scene he kills Lavinia not because of her pain or shame but because he cannot bear looking at her and because he has already cried so much because of her pain. As always Lavinia is not regarded as a woman but as something that is there to serve men.An interesting point in this scene is the connection of the character Titus to Hopkins s role as Hannibal Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs. In this film Hopkins played a cannibal and in Titus he once again turns into one, when he serves the cakes. This adds a comic element and once again strengthens the grotesque impression of the whole scene. Cartelli and Rowe also observe that Hopkins sucks in his spit before slitting Chiron and Demetrius s throats , which is also usually connected to his role a Lecter and which happens shortly before the scene described here.Starks connects this last scene to the opening scene of the film and calls it a grotesque parody of the opening frame of Young Lucius (Osheen Jones) playing with ketchup-blood on the kitchen table . In the first scene of the film a male child can be seen playing with toy soldiers and other figures in a kitchen, wearing a paper base of operations on his head. Hinz describes the setting as a typical American kitchen of the 1950s and read the paper bag as a symbol for the thin wall between real and imagined violence . The picture of the boy with the paper bag on his head is comic but disturbing considering his violent game and thus grotesque.Young Lucius is a character who really exists in the play but in Taymor s adaptation his role is taken by a boy who acts as the audience. He appears in every scene described in this paper and has influence on the film. In this scene, or rather after this scene and after his father being elected as the new Emperor, Lucius leaves the Coliseum with Aaron s and Tamora s baby on his arm, which, according to Hinz, hints at the end of violence between the Romans and the Goths.4. ConclusionIn this term paper it has been shown that violence is treated as something grotesque in Taymor s adaptations of Titus Andronicus. commencement of all, the term the grotesque has been defined and afterwards three scenes were chosen from the film and interpreted. Whether a scene is grotesque or not has been analysed according to Thomson s criteria.Finally the film scenes have been compared to the corresponding scenes in the play. Camera angles, camera movements, the gestures of the characters, the music and of course the text is what was taken into c onsideration during the analysis of the film.What has been pointed out in this paper is that the play offers a grotesque basis for Taymor s interpretation. It was not only presented very explicitly through the actions of the characters but also hinted at by the stage directions, by the actual text (e.g. through the use of metaphors and allusions to Greek mythology) and t

Retail Merchandising And In Store Operations

Retail merchandise And In workshop OperationsIntroductionMany companies select acknowledge that improving their computer memory layout they pull up stakes be able to plus their do of gross sales per squargon buns. Even the architecture of a broth advise lead to an increase in sales. indoors the memory board layout marketing strategy, there atomic number 18 a number of several(predicate) aspects to take into servant such(prenominal) as architecture, line of descent ambiance and location, optical merchandising and most importantly the store layout.Visual merchandising force out be anything from the store windowpanepane scupper to store ambience, all of these artefacts are put into action when companies concupiscence to increase their sales per square off foot. There are both cocksure and disallow meanss in which a change to a store layout can increase the sales per square foot for a participation, as beca exercise of goods and services of this numerous a ctions moldiness be considered before a corporation drastically changes their layout. Executive SummaryThe purpose of this advertise was to research how store layouts and improvements to a store can increase the sales per square foot. Store layout and visual merchandising are two important factors that add to the distinctiveness of a store. The interior design of the store plays a to a greater extent vital consumption as show on Indian MBA (2008). similarly mentioned on Indian MBA (2008) Space is al tracks an extremely expensive and scarce resource. Retailers try to maximise the return on sales per square foot. This is the beaver way to run why retailers see the interior of their store as the best way in which they can increase these sales per square foot. There are various types of store layouts which retailers would consider to increase their sales per square foot.This report will analyse and explore how retail design, store layout and visual merchandising can help increase sales per square foot, by the use of research into trade publications as sound as newspapers and other sources. Also in this report, examples of stores that have successfully managed to increase their sales per square foot will be mentioned.FindingsRetail architecture is a vital appliance in the function of market intermediation. Retail architecture is defined as those market spaces that affect the relationship between supply and demand. Architecture can directly illustrate some stores neighborly significations of retail relationships its brutality as well as its warmth, and its friendly class. For example Harrods has a high level of retail architecture, as it is not only a tourist attachment due to its external historical architecture but it also denotes peoples social class as people who are of a higher social status or social class would be most credibly to stock at Harrods.Liberty the British department store has a high level of appreciation for its buildings history, as Creative Director Tamara Salman of wearing brand Liberty of London adds to her collection the stores extraordinary 130 yr heritage. Liberty store is able to build upon their heritage to ensure that they increase their sales per square foot figure. With being such a sinewy and historical store it is hard for many new and upcoming companies to be able to have such a strong fall screening for increase sales.However, retail store layouts are important determinants of client behaviour. UK air retailers are able to gather critical training regarding their target consumers which in turn enable them to create interiors which successful attract these groups. In the stage setting of the store layout, time-poor and exceedingly mobile consumers require different spaces than shoppers who leisurely shop at discounts, and selectively during sales periods at various stages in the task cycle. Also, gender differences in shopping can justify quite detail changes to fashion store formats an d space allocation.Store layouts and the merchandise offered are matched to the targeted consumers to the termination that customers buy into branding statements. It is important that the retailer gains a positive response to the new layout of its merchandise inwardly the store as a negative reaction would then score sales to decrease.To ensure that a company is using the right type of store layout, the retailer would look into their hold store layout analysis. Within a store layout analysis, careful consideration is disposed(p) to the products being sold and their location this can also be seen as basic psychology used to invite customers to spend more money usually through notion buying.Retailers can also increase their scrap by closely targeting and fulfilling their customers needs. Tauber (1972) hypothesised three reasons for shopping personal motives, social motives and craving buying. Creating consumer satisfaction involves delivering quality products that meet thei r needs and is core in highly competitive environments.The allocation of space within any store can be on the basis of many factors such as historical sales, daily average sales, profits, margins, industry averages and strategic reasons. A store layout must also include space for essential functions such as inventory, customer service desks and changing rooms.For any retailer to have success in increasing their sales per square foot, the must look at a number of aspects such as their fixtures and fittings, colors of the store interior, light source, and window displays.Store interiors are designed in a way which influences consumer behaviour which is referred to as Visual Merchandising. Company visual merchandisers control the use of equipment, displays, works, illuminations, music, ambience and stage management within a store. unison medication can be used to increase sales per square feet, as music sets the lumber of the environment within the store and as peoples moods change throughout the line of descent of the day it is essential to also have music which reflects the mood of the customers. Music which is played during the morning should be high energy based as customers have lots of energy and this would mean that a company would have more people coming in and purchasing items during the morning hours. Music during the afternoon should be more mellow as peoples energy levels are decreasing and they are more reluctant to browse through the store looking for their wanted items compared to those in the morning. Similarly to the morning during early even hours, customers respond better to slightly more up-tempo songs. Retailers should also take into consideration their target consumers when decision making on what type of music they should have acting in their stores.ColourColour is another factor that can entice customers into shopping at a specific store, colour is immediate, emotional and memorable. act upon bring out emotions and feelings automat ically to customers, consequently it is essential to retailers to get the slouch colour balance for their store.The colour blue is seen as a rude(a) element, but it is also connected with trust and stability, therefore retailer who use blue within their interior design in informing customers that they are trustworthy and understandable as well as confident.The colour putting light-green is found to be a successful colour when linked to hygienics and beauty, which is the main colour for the company Body bewray. All Body Shop fronts are green and have some form of a green colour within their interior. The Body Shop also consists of natural colours and woods making customers feel a sense of freshness, healthiness, youthfulness and the colour green can also be linked to money.Colours within the Purple category can be linked to the emotion or sense of royalty, lavishness and spiritual. Again the store Liberty link royal into their company in the use of their website, corresponden ce as well as their company gift bags, this enables their customers to leave the store with a sense of luxury which also makes them more apparent to come and purchase from Liberty once more.Fixtures and FittingsWithin any retail store, the fixtures and fittings are another key element to increasing sales per square foot. For shelves, eye level and slightly above is the best position to sell garments from, as colour of the garment can juggle customers eyes making them retrovert to look at the item.Displays should be unbroken simple, and have a theme to them. It is also effective to include the products in use or as a collection which can be opposite up e.g. in Primark or Marks and Spencers, many items of clothe a paired together such as shirts are segment with trousers, skirts and blazers as this enables the consumer to see what the item will look like paired with something else, this also shows that they do not have far to go to defy a matching jacket for a work skirt. Also in Primark, shoes are usually opposite the formal or business concern wear but situated closely to accessories such as handbags and purses again this is done so that the consumer doesnt have very far to travel in order to complete the outfit they required.It is also important to have impulse items which are usually located close to the tills so that customers are more likely to purchase these along with their inital shopping, this could be anything from socks to lip glosses.Window displayBright and colourful window displays can make the company store window stand out from other competitors, however the use of in any case many colours can make the store look flashy and put customers off going into the store. The lighting used within a store front should be bright as this makes it more photogenic and appealing to passing customers.A store window is an ideal way of attracting new and existing customers as you can use a store window to build the company image, showcase new arrivals a s well as products that are in high demand. Window displays should be changed oft to keep target customers and new customers interested in the company, and to make them stop and purchase something. The department store Selfridges is the most competent store for their window displays as each window can tell a different story based on whatever theme whitethornbe sacred at the time. As Selfridges window display tells a store more and more customers are intrigued to know what it is about and where they can find the items shown in the window, this is how Selfridges gains an increase in their sales per square foot.LightingProper lighting can increase sales by up to 20%, therefore all retailers will benefit from using the best bulbs possible when update their store layout. In 2010, John Lewis changed their store lighting as the thick lighting which was previously in store caused consumers to be less likely to spend money as dim lighting can cause customers to feel tired.Retailers should make use of spot lights, as these can be used to highlight key areas or even key products which may be commission based, therefore the more sold, the more money the company makes.ConclusionAs mentioned throughout this report, companies need to selectively decide which options will be best for them to be able to increase the sales per square feet as the initial reaction of the customers to a new store layout is the deciding factor as to whether the company will target more customers or lose customers as a result.Companies should pay close attention to the information they already poses about their customers and use this to their advantage, they should also be aware of their competitors so that they are able to always be one step ahead, boosting sales as they go.

Facebook User Consent for Experiments

Facebook User Consent for ExperimentsFacebook Research is for the Betterment of kind Kind and as a Business they should be Free to essay Large Scale Online Experiments without the need to Contact their Users.Facebook and legion(predicate) other engagement platforms have use of goods and servicesd large scale online experiments, often without the fancy and aw atomic number 18ness of their drug users. These experiments are usually to conk out under put up their users, in attempts to better their line of merchandise and provide reasons for human actions and responses relevant to them and that industry. However, the question remains should businesses like Facebook be leaveed to conduct such experimental search without receiving swallow from their users? To answer this beginning(a) we must understand what this search is and what are the implications of it to the users. The experiment evidence of massive-scale sense transmission through cordial network (Kramer et al. 20 14, p. 8788) article explores how the emotional distinguish of single sack be transferred to a nonher through emotional contagion. This archetype is taken a step further by transferring this positive or negative emotion via networks, such as Facebook. This method faces umteen criticisms one being that the experiment itself does non take into consideration the experience where a persons positive or negative emotion is the egress of an incident or an interaction rather than the exposure to anothers emotion. This criticism is more from a technical point of view. From an ethical stand point (Reid 2017) the issue is that mass research was conducted on people without their consent regarding a matter which would otherwise be considered hugger-mugger (their emotional response) by many. This issue will be further explored from an ethical (Reid 2017) and legal perspective, an in relevant mounts. In 2014 Facebookwas in the medias eye for experimenting on its 1.3 billion users. Face bookresearchers neutered the bran-newsfeed of about 700,000 of its users withoutinforming them (Wholsen 2014). When this became public there was an outrage bymany users while some other people (mainly businesses) argued that there isnothing rail at with what Facebook did or the way they went about doing it. Theargument for research was caned by claims that Facebook conducts many formsof research in a variety of fields to rise the Facebook experience(Wholsen 2014) for users and better the advertising and promotions Facebookoffers to its business clients. Additionally, if they had asked for consentfrom each user it would be a lengthy, time consuming and difficult process asthere are 1.3 billion users. After commencement of the emotion contagionresearch experiment Facebooks reported revenue and boodle increased, theresearch being one of the contributing factors (Wholsen 2014). It is thereforeevident that this research is for the betterment of businesses. However, endurethat be s help oneself about the betterment of mankind? The sensitivity tocontext privacy in public notion focuses on users perceived onlineenvironment. many a(prenominal) users may believe that the research Facebook conduct was abreach of their private discussions and postings whereas others may think thatit was a public act. The mix of these perceptions only aid in the difficultlyof knowing what can be drawed and distributed. There are three ethical archetypes derived from what the basic human rights to privacy are. These areconfidentiality, anonymity, and apprised consent (Eynonet al. 2009, p.188). For there to be fulldisclosure, consent and to be considered as an ethical means of obtaining datausers, would need to know what they are go for to and to what extent theyare able to give this consent (Eynon et al. 2009, p.189) Based on this it isapparent that Facebook did not implement the informed consent aspect of thisconcept during their research. Additionally, Facebook didnt submit a proposalto Institutional Review card for pre-approval of the study. From a legalperspective Facebook asks for consent from users in their Data engagement Policy arrangement during sing up. This agreement addresses that users culture canbe used for testing and research purposes (Kramer et al. 2014, p. 8789).However, this is a rattling weak form of consent and does not address the forms ofresearch which can take place. This is a very broad statement and can imply alot or very little depending on interpretation. This agreement is compulsory toabide with no opt out options, if users are to use the social media program. This issue raisesputs all Facebooks practices into question by its users and media includingwhat this means for Facebook advertisements in terms of how honest they must bewith what they are advertising found on the data collected. Although the figureof Practice acts as a exit to prevent many misleading advertisements includingthe requirement that advertisers are n ot to be deceptive or misleading in theiradvertisements and have evidence to support their advertised claims, there are slake loop holes (Reid 2017). Facebook is available in more than 130 countriesand not all of these countries have a Code of Practice and some have varyingrules and guideline in theirs. Those countries not covered by the Code ofPractice put their users at stake from misleading and deceptive advertisement,from Facebook and other businesses. There is a lack of incorporated Social Responsibility (CSR) by Facebook. CRS addresses many factorsincluding quality of environment, employment practice, diversity, benefits and race for employees and consumer protection (Reid2017). The policy is flexible enough to be applicable crossways all industries andin a range of situations. In this case, specifically addressing the neglectof the consumer protection factor. There are many benefits to complying withCSR for businesses and their customers including increase in profits in th e massive run, improved public image and the evasion of political science interface.However, the downfall of not complying are reduction in profits and creates forgedimage for the businesses reducing benefits to owners/stakeholders. This isevident for many companies who have adapted this method of research and avoidedtransparency by not touching their consumers. Mass scale research providesgreat data but brings the high risk that the data collect can be tracked gageto the participant/user because the data itself is so complete (Eynon et al.2009, p.191) Through there are billions of Facebook users the contagionresearch conduct is so complete that the through the likes (clicks) and theiruser references can allow for back tracking. Even if the information collect isanonymous there is quench room for some access back to users (Eynon et al. 2009,p.192), particularly for infamous hackers. victimization this situation in any othercontext, for example Dungons and Dragons. This online ga me allows its users tohave conversations with other users during the game. This conversation can betracked back by linking their text snippet to context of the conversation evenwhen encrypted (Eynon et al. 2009, p.192) and like so the virtual game has hadissues with piracy where they conduct research on users without consent, laterexposed through a hacking incident. This is just one of the many examples wheremass scale research has gone wrong because the company had failed to contacttheir users. Exposing users to something that causes physiological status changes isexperimentation is the kind of thing that requires user consent. advised consent is the most essential part of research ethics. Itcreates a rely bond between a participant and a researcher which allows for undefiled and true data to be collected without the objection from theparticipant or in this case the users. As a bare minimum, all businesses should interrupt on their website to their users that their formation or d ata is beingtracked anonymously. pretermit of doing so a breach of a persons privacy, at leastfrom an ethical perspective. Therefore, this in no way will better mankind onlycreate trust issues due to lack of transparency. In ability to trust a businessis bad for the business itself and its customers, long term. If customers nolonger trust a business they will late separate themselves from them lookingfor alternatives. Additionally, it creates a bad reputation for the business,as it did for Facebook who is still in the medias eye for it in a negativelight in spite of their public apology. This negative back lash is one that will young man with the business in the long term and gradually it will (and has)caused many issue to conduct other forms of research, including Facebook havingto review their privacy policy as a result of the uprise negative response fromtheir unconsented research. To conclude, there are many benefits for undertaking large scale online experimentswithout user/ participant consent in the sort run however long term it does notbenefit anyone let alone better mankind.ReferencesEynon, R,Schroeder, R & Fry, J 2009, new techniques in online research challengesfor research ethics, Twenty- FirstCentury Society, vol.4, no.2, pp.187-199Kramer, A,Guillory, J & Handcock, J 2014, Experiment evidence of massive-scaleemotion contagion through social network, PNAS,vol. 111, no. 24, pp. 8788-8790.Reid, D 2017, Lecture 1, ADV20001, AdvertisingIssues Regulation, moral philosophy & Cultural Considerations, Learning substantial onBlackboard, Swinburne University of Technology, May 29, viewed 9 July 2017.Reid, D 2017, Lecture 2, ADV20001, AdvertisingIssues Regulation, morals & Cultural Considerations, Learning material onBlackboard, Swinburne University of Technology, June 5, viewed 9 July 2017.Reid, D 2017, Lecture 17, ADV20001, AdvertisingIssues Regulation, Ethics & Cultural Considerations, Learning material onBlackboard, Swinburne University of Technology , July 10, viewed 9 July 2017.Wholsen, M 2014,Facebook wont stop experimenting on you, its just too remunerative, Wired, 10 March, viewed 10 July 2017,.

Solar Energy Versus Nuclear Energy Engineering Essay

Solar cogency Versus Nuclear might Engineering EssayThe sun has been around since the beginning of age alone only recently has it been substance ab utilize as a fountain of renewable vigor. Approximately 120000 TW of solar nada is absorbed by the Earths surface which is comprise to 10000 times the total spheric demand for causality. Only 0.1% of this get-up-and-go would be required to satisfy the worlds present consumption of discharges.1 Break wad of solar cogency2 on that point are three main ways to rein the suns nothing. These include solar cells which convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar peeing heating where heat from the sun is used to heat water at bottom panels on roof tops. And lastly solar furnaces that make use of mirrors to cut back the suns dexterity into a small space to produce high temperatures.There are close to 440 nuclear power plants in the world now which supply 16% of the worlds energy demand, however only 1% is serviceable energy with the rest being nuclear decamp. If 1% of the area where in that respect is recoverable energy utilised solar energy devices all the worlds energy needs could be met with solar energy alone. If 10% of the area were to be utilised then in two years the electricity produced would be equal to all known reserves of fossil fuels.1Cost problems with solar energy are the high capital costs involved in the installation of solar panels which give notice be very expensive. The need to gillyflower energy because of solar availability due to factors such as time of day and weather conditions is also costly. Countries at higher altitudes with daily stain cover will suffer an economic disadvantage due to capacious distance transfer of energy. Maintenance of panels also has to be considered. Nuclear energy is presently cheaper than solar power however the construction of the facilities and the disposal of hot snitch is costly and can affect the environment.3Solar power is compar atively near to use as long as you do not look directly into the suns rays or come into contact with hot solar panels. In the case of nuclear power it is also safe to use as the nuclear reactors are equipped with redundant systems to make authoritative there is no nuclear meltdown. This makes it a very stable energy cite. Nuclear energy starts to get more dangerous in the sorting of worn-out(a) fuel rods and radioactive waste. Even though nuclear energy is reliable and stable as a whole, when something does go wrong it can buy the farm very serious and very dangerous.Solar energy does not have any form of waste as replaced panels and components can be reused or recycled. Nuclear energy has two types of waste products, the spent fuel rods which if not stored properly in pools of water to cool down could become very unstable. The other form is radioactive gasses and other waste products that if released into the gentle wind can pose various risks.Solar energy produces no waste or pollution. Waste from nuclear power must be besotted and stored underground for long periods of time. This waste must be kept safe from external factors and from human contact in order to prevent a threat.Such a threat is currently under way at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in Japan where a pool of spent fuel rods caught fire this year.Solar power is a renewable power source thereof it is environmentally friendly. It is silent and requires no fuel therefore there is no pollution. It even decreases the do of harmful green accommodate gasses. Although there are many advantages to solar energy there is up to now the fact that a large amount of panels is required to produce the need electricity. This becomes very costly. It is reliable and has no risks that are associated with nuclear energy. Nuclear energy on the other hand is not a renewable source and if not handled in the correct way could impact the environment in a negative way. Even though it does not contribute to g lobal warming like other fossil fuels, the waste gasses it does produce could potentially cause radioactive sicknesses and cancer in humans and other deportment forms.AdvantagesSolar EnergyNuclear EnergyRenewable energy sourceDoes not emit green house gassesHas no volatile wastePlenty of resources availableOnce panels are in place the energy is freeCheaper than solar powerDisadvantagesSolar EnergyNuclear EnergyDoes not work at nightRadioactive waste currently very expensiveLong-term storage required for waste productsRequires striking fields in order to harvest a suitable amount of energySome reactors produce plutonium which can be used to make nuclear weaponsAll around the world we require all(prenominal) energy source that we can get including nuclear. All energy sources have both pros and cons. Even though nuclear energy is portrayed as an unstable source of energy it is in fact one of the about reliable and stable types in the world today. The downside is in its waste that i f handle incorrectly could land in the hands of terrorists. In the next 20 years there will be emerging economies throughout the public that will require low cost, environmentally friendly alternative energy sources and Nuclear power is expected to satisfy this demand.1 Botkin,B.Keller,E.A.2001.Enviromental ScienceEarth as a living planet.4th ed.Santa BarbaraJohn Wiley and Sons.2 Breakdown_of_the_incoming_solar_energy.Online.Available http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileBreakdown_of_the_incoming_solar_energy.svg2011,March 233 Solar Energy.Online.Available http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy2011,March 23

Challenges To Singapores Education

Ch eitherenges To capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapores furtherageAt the Teachers Day R wholey farthermost September, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong emergelined the challenges to our breeding system. A key despotic was case statement. Many Singaporeans, e finically pupils and younger Singaporeans, knew little of our recent news report. They did non dwell how we became an independent nation, how we triumphed against long odds, or how todays peaceful and prosperous Singapore came about.This ignorance ordain hinder our effort to separate a shargond brain of nationhood. We allow non acquire the right- pass on(a) instincts to bond together as one nation, or maintain the allow for to survive and prosper in an uncertain world. For Singapore to thrive beyond the launcher coevals, we moldiness systematically transmit these instincts and attitudes to succeeding cohorts. Through national Education, we must pack these instincts and attitudes vox of the cult ural DNA which deposits us Singaporeans.The Prime Minister set up a committee, chaired by Mr Lim Siong Guan, to study how to introduce depicted object Education into our education system. The Committee has worked out a plan to do so. To replication the attached step forward, we need the full commitment of e rattling(prenominal) teacher and principal. National Education is non just a book subject. It must attract to twain heart and mind. Unless you are personally convinced of its importance, committed to the typeface and make believe the k forthwithledge and passion to teach National Education sufficiently and whole-heartedly, the plan get out fail.Lessons from Other CountriesSingaporeans are not unique in needing National Education. Other countries take National Education as a matter of course. Japan is a tightly-knit, cohesive and root-oriented familiarity, with a long history and a strong mind of unique identity. Yet Japanese disciplines jut out early to teach p upils Japanese culture, determine, history and geography, and eventide the politics and economics of Japan. As pupils get older, they to a fault subscribe to about the cultures and histories of other countries. In so doing, they witness even wear what makes them uniquely Japanese.Japanese rails go to great lengths to shanghai group instincts and a sense that every bookman is an equal member of the group. They go for strict regulations on school uni devises, school bags and shoes. Students are grouped into teams called hans. Members of each han play together and eat together. They take turns to perform specific responsibilities, whether it is the daily cleaning of school premises or serving lunch. Academically stronger students are expected to help their weaker friends. Those who do not are ostracised. Students organise the school sports day themselves. Competition is based in the main on team events there are few or no individual events. each(prenominal) students splitic ipate, including those with disabilities.Japanese schools do all this not be arrive they desire that all students are the same in every respect or take away identical abilities. except they want every student to be equally valued as a member of the group, get it ond for his strengths, and for what he can contri preciselye to the group. And so it goes for Japanese society.In US schools, every child is taught the American heritage George Washington, the Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, the well-bred War, and the Civil Rights movement. Students take part in community service. Learning to be a responsible citizen begins young. It is a deliberate inculcating of American semipolitical and social determine and ideals, to ensure the adjacent generation grows up with these ideas deeply ingrained. It is a make for of indoctrination analogous any other, no less so because the children are brought up to cherish American value of individual liberty. And it is so succe ssful that umpteen Americans are completely convinced that American values are ecumenic values of mankind.If countries like Japan and the US, with long histories and deep roots, arrest found it essential to pass on national instincts systematically from generation to generation, all the to a greater extent Singapore, a young rural barely one generation old, must make a concerted effort to imbue the right values and instincts in the psyche of our young.Objectives Of National EducationNational Education buzz offs to develop national cohesion, the instinct for survival and confidence in our next. We cannot tin our next generation any fixed formula for success, or even any set goals in life. They leave face new component part and problems. They depart need to speculate by and work out their cause solutions. But we must equip them with the basic attitudes, values and instincts which make them Singaporeans. This is the plebeian culture that forget surpass them a shared per ception of life, and root for them closer together as one the great unwashed when confronted with serious problems. This give give them a well-founded faith in the countrys future. This is the DNA to be passed from one generation to the next.There are four elements to achieving this objective.First, we must foster in our young a sense of identity, congratulate and self-respect as Singaporeans. This ordain strengthen their emotional attachment to the nation, and their sense of rootedness. We are high-fl cause of our country. We are proud of what we fetch achieved together our economic progress, our clean and parking area environment, our open and clean system of government, our way of life. We are proud that each of us, in his or her own way, contri hardlyes to Singapores success.But success must not lead to hubris. We must never be over-bearing or arrogant, or tonus down on people from other countries. We do not have all the answers for ourselves, such(prenominal) less for other countries. But neither have we any reason to be ashamed to say, I am a Singaporean. In fact, quite the contrary.Second, our young must know the Singapore layer how Singapore succeeded against the odds to become a nation. National Education is not an abstract sermon on general principles of nationhood. It is to do with a redundant story, our story. It is the story of Singapore, how we came to be one nation. We did not originate off with this goal, or even as one people. Nobody imagined this would be the outcome.As a British colony, from 1942 to 1945 for 3 years of the Japanese Occupation we suffered a traumatic experience of cruelty, brutality, hunger, and deprivation. We lived through the post-war years of Communist-inspired unrest and upheaval. We then joined with the confederacy of Malayana to form Malaysia. Despite pressure and intimidation we stood firm in Malaysia against the communalists. The heart and soul was a fundamental one equal basic rights and opportuniti es for all Malaysian citizens under the Malaysian Constitution, and no special rights for anyone in the secern of Singapore on the basis of race, language and religion, as was agreed in the State Constitution of Singapore. As a result we suddenly found ourselves out on our own as an independent country, with few means to make a living or defend ourselves. Yet we developed our economy, create up the SAF, educated and housed our people, got them to work together, and gradually became one nation. Year by year we transformed Singapore into what it is today. evolveed this history is part of cosmos a Singaporean. It is the back-drop which makes sense of our present. It shows what external dangers to watch out for, and where our domestic gap lines lie. It explains what we stand for and believe in, and why we think and act the way we do. It gives us confidence that even when the odds look daunting, with determination and effort we volition prevail.Thirdly, our young must understand Si ngapores unique challenges, constraints and vulnerabilities, which make us variant from other countries. Singapore is not as other countries. We will ceaselessly be small, we will always worry about our water supply supply, we will always have to work harder and do better than other countries. That is the hand which geography and history have dealt us. Overall it is not a spoiled hand, nor have we played it badly. We have compensated for these constraints by being to a greater extent than resolute and resourceful, much efficient and productive, and quicker and nimbler than other countries which are better endowed and have larger margins for error. And we have been so successful that sometimes we forget that the underlying documentaryities endure, and have not gone away. Singaporeans need to understand these realities, to work together and support the policies that are necessary to deal with them.Knowe our constraints should make us more determined to overcome them. It is no cause for despair. We overcame more severe difficulties in our first years of nationhood, with far fewer resources, and in more dire circumstances. We are much better lay to tackle them now.Finally, we must instill in our young the core values of our way of life, and the will to prevail, that ensure our continued success and well being. Our core values include the system of meritocracy which guarantees fair and full opportunities for all, multi-racial and multi-religious concord, and honest and competent government working for the long-term interests of all Singaporeans. We often take these for granted, because things have been this way in Singapore for a long time. But not new citizens, who often come with fresh direct experience of very different societies. Pupils must learn to treasure and uphold these social and political values. If we ever lose them, Singapore will quickly become a very different place.StrategiesWe need to develop national instincts among pupils at all levels . National Education will begin in schools and continue in post- standby and tertiary institutions. After ten to fifteen years of education, all students should know the facts about Singapore and feel attached to Singapore, their best home. Those likely to go on to play leadership roles later should at least have had some preliminary preparation for their responsibilities. We will achieve this through both the formal and informal curricula.Formal CurriculumWe will introduce National Education content across the formal curriculum. We can do more of this in some subjects than others. The main subjects will be Social Studies and Civics and lesson Education (CME) at the primary level report, Geography and CME at secondary level and the General musical theme and CME at the Junior Colleges. In addition, literary productions and the languages can also be used.Subjects at primary winding levelIn primary schools, we will start teach Social Studies earlier -beginning from Primary 1 or else of Primary 4. Social Studies will complement Civics and chaste Education. CME will emphasise teaching of values and correct individual behaviour, temporary hookup Social Studies will give pupils an understanding of Singapore society.Pupils must start early to learn about the society around them, to feel a sense of belonging to family, school and community, to befriend and accept pupils of all races, and to develop a simple, unabashed pride in Singapore. They recite the pledge, sing Majullah Singapura, and recognise our flag. Later they will learn the meaning of the crescent and five stars. But long before that, when they see the helicopter flying past with the country flag on National Day, they should sense that it is a very special occasion.Subjects at Secondary levelAt secondary level, students currently learn the history of our emancipation period only in Secondary 1. The O level History syllabus stops in 1963, which perversely omits the zippy period leading to our ind ependence. We will extend the O level History syllabus for Singapore to 1971. The period of Merger, Separation and the early years of independence will also be taught in Secondary 2 instead of Secondary 1, so that the students will be a little more mature, and appreciate better what was at stake.At the upper secondary level, we will develop a new Social Studies subject. It will cover issues rudimentary to Singapores survival and success our principles of governance, the strategies that have brought Singapore here, the role of key institutions like the SAF, HDB, CPF, EDB and NTUC, and our future challenges. It will use examples from other countries to explain what works and what fails, and subtract lessons for Singapore.Subjects at the JC levelIn the junior colleges, students should start to learn what leadership involves, and to develop a commitment to serve society. Through the General Paper and Civics lessons, they must acquire the sense that they can shape their own future and , more important, that it is their business to shape Singapores future. They must be able to think independently and rationally, and reach informed conclusions about national issues.MOE will take 3-4 years to implement the new syllabi. As the school curriculum is already heavy, we will make the changes without increasing the curriculum load. We want the new syllabi to give teachers more time, not less, to engage in creative ways to begin issues to life for their students.Informal CurriculumNational Education is much more than learning facts. Knowing facts in itself will not develop the group spirit and emotional instincts of nation-hood among pupils. This will depend on the informal curriculum. Attitudes and values picked up through team ECAs and group activities, and the rituals of school life, will immerse in deeper than anything learnt in the classroom.Each year, schools will also commemorate a few key events that mark defining moments of our history. These will include heart and soul Defence Day on the 15th of February, the anniversary of the surrender of Singapore to the Japanese in 1942, as a reminder of every citizens responsibility to defend Singapore.Racial Harmony Day on the 21st of July, mark the day in 1964 when racial riots broke out, to remind pupils of the importance and finesse of racial harmony.International Friendship Day to stress the importance of smashing dealings with our neighbours, and to remind pupils that such(prenominal) good dealings cannot be interpreted for granted. The actual date will vary from year to year, to mark such occasions like the end of the Second World War in the Pacific, the day Singapore joined the United Nations, or the end of face-off and the establishment of diplomatic relations with Indonesia.And finally, National Day on the 9th of August.Schools will arrange regular visits to national institutions and economic facilities, such as Parliament, SAFTI, water treatment works, the port, or the stock exchange . These visits will help to build pride and confidence among our students, and show them how Singapore has overcome our constraints through sheer will and ingenuity.Community service will strengthen social cohesion and civic responsibility among our young. At the lower primary level, we will encourage pupils to do community service deep down their own school taking carefulness of the school grounds, charge common areas clean. For the upper primary and secondary levels, a school may adopt an orphanage or old folk home, or take on long-term community projects like keeping a park or a residents corner clean.The Challenge of teaching method National EducationI do not underestimate the hassle you will have teaching National Education in schools. This is not just another school subject for pupils, or another art for overworked teachers. We seek from pupils not just intellectual comprehension or gathering of facts, but a personal commitment to Singapore, and an emotional bonding and denomination with their fellow Singaporeans. To achieve this, you must yourselves feel passionately for the country, and understand instinctively our collective interests and what we stand for. Only then can you teach with conviction, instill pride and confidence in your students, and help them to acquire the right instincts.The Singapore Story is based on historical facts. We are not lecture about an idealised legendary account or a foundation myth, but of an accurate understanding of what happened in the past, and what this history means for us today. It is objective history, seen from a Singaporean standpoint.Not all the history books have been written, because hitherto many documents have been locked away in archives. But now 30 years after our independence the archives are first to be opened, and the documents for this period are becoming available to historians. Progressively, a more complete picture will emerge.But the Singapore Story is also a live story. It concerns not only events which are receding into the past, but developments which continue in the present. Both teachers and pupils must take an interest in current affairs. They should know what is happening in the world or in our region which can affect us what economic, social and political developments are taking place in Singapore. They should know what the national debate is about, what is at issue. The most vivid lessons in National Education are to be found not in the books, but in what we live through and what we observe happening around us.I am not proposing that students should form mini-political parties in schools, or demonstrate on the streets, as Chinese school students manipulated by Communist agitators did in the 1950s and 1960s. But students and their teachers must be alive to events around them, so that when they later become adults and exercise their affair as citizens to decide the future of the country, they will decide wisely.From time to time, issues will arise whic h contain lessons for the future for example when Michael Fay had to be caned for vandalism, or Flor Contemplacion was hanged for murder. Whenever this happens, we must make a special effort to get Singaporeans to understand what is going on, why we did what we did, and what it all means for us. Each such episode will be another piece of the Singapore Story. This makes the Singapore Story harder to teach, but also more exciting and relevant.In teaching the Singapore Story, you will have to deal with delicate issues, especially race and religion, and sometimes relations with our neighbours. We must treat such issues sensitively, but we cannot gloss over them. amnesia is not an option. We cannot pretend that incidents involving race and religion never happened. They are part of our history.This is not a unique problem for us. For example, in America descendants of Unionists and Confederates both study the American Civil War descendants of break ones back owners and slaves both lea rn about slavery and the civil rights movement. America is the stronger country for acknowledging these divisions in its past and coming to terms with them.In Singapores case, different races, owing loyalties to different countries, lived in the same British colony. They were moulded into one Singaporean people by their experiences before and after independence.Two race riots took place in 1964, which had been deliberately instigated to intimidate Singapores Chinese population. Many Chinese and Malays were killed. Riots occurred again in 1969, after independence, a spillover from the May 13 riots in Malaysia. Race relations in Singapore took years to recover from the trauma of these events. Unless pupils know these facts, and learn what they mean, they will never understand why we emphasise racial harmony so strongly, and insist that the majority Chinese community should never make the minority communities feel oppressed. Such ignorance will pose a real risk of racial conflict happe ning again one day.All Singaporeans, whether Chinese, Malay, Indian or Eurasian, can identify with the ideal of a multi-racial, multi-religious society which Singapores leaders fought for while in Malaysia, and which we have tried to realise as an independent country since 1965. It is because Singaporeans of all races, and especially their leaders, stayed united and refused to be intimidate that we separated from Malaysia. The issues which led to Separation were fundamental, and remain so today.By teaching the history of how we became one people, we will draw our races closer together. But our aim is not to expunge the differences between the ethnic groups. Each community contributes its own unique characteristics and strengths to our society. If Chinese Singaporeans lose their Chinese cultural heritage, or Malay Singaporeans discard their traditional customs and Islamic values, we become a much weaker society. We must create unity in diversity.ConclusionThis National Education prog ramme is a major undertaking. Its effects are long term. We will not know for many years how well we have inculcated values, attitudes, and habits that emotionally bond our people to one another, as proud co-owners of their best home, Singapore.As teachers and principals, you carry most of the responsibility for giving your pupils a total education, and for their National Education. The Ministry will back you up with the resources, guidance, and materials that you need. For example, MOE will produce a periodic series of videos for schools, to keep teachers updated on current affairs. The National Education tissue Page we are launching will provide more development and be a channel for teachers to discuss ideas and share resources.The moulding of the next generation is in your hands. You must imbue them with a strong sense of national identity and social responsibility. If we fail, all that we have painstakingly build up over decades can unravel and fall apart within a few years. But put our best effort into this resilient task, and we will succeed.

Diabetes and Obesity: Emerging Pandemics of the 21st Century Essay

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are both emerging pandemics in the 21st century. One consequence of obesity is an increased risk of developing T2DM. Ones congress risk of T2DM increases as his/her body mass index (BMI) increases above 23. T2DM is the almost common disease among the U.S. population, accounting for approximately 90% of such cases, usually diagnosed in adulthood, and in most cases as a result of with child(p) or obesity. T2DM involves a combination of insulin resistance and relative insulin neediness and may not require treatment with external insulin, especially at previous(predicate) stages (Fowler, 2007). Consequently, the goal of treatment is to achieve strict control of blood sugar (glucose) levels. The extent to which etiological factors may be relevant for adults with T2DM is not clear, just research suggest a theoretical model of potential pathways between disordered eating behaviors and T2DM. Moreover, several studies have demonstrated that change i n lifestyle and sedentary habits could lead to decreased incidence of progression to T2DM (Ismail, 2008). Bio/psychotic person/Social Aspects of the IllnessesT2DM is a heterogeneous disorder thus the clinical verbalism of the disorder requires both genetic and environmental factors. One theory concerning its etiology is that T2DM is the result of the evolution of a thrifty genotype that had survival benefits in the past notwithstanding is detrimental in the current environment (Ismail, 2008). An opponent theory states that the disease represents an adult metabolic response to fetal malnutrition. hyperglycemia in T2DM results from absolute or relative insulin deficiency. Most often insulin deficiency is attributable to an inability to adequately compensate for insulin resistance. Insulin resistan... ...),1433-1441. Spangler, J., Summerson, J., Bell, R., & Konen, J. (2001). Smoking status and psychosocial variables in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Addictive Behaviors, 26(1), 2129.Sorou di, N., Perez, G., Gonzalez, J., Greer, J., Pollack, M., Otto, M., et al. (2008). CBT for medication adherence and printing (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected patients receiving methadone maintenance therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 15, 93106.Willi, C., Bodenmann, P., Ghali, W., Faris, P., & Cornuz, J. (2007). active agent smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes A systematic go over and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(22), 26542664.Ziedonis, D., Williams, J. M., & Smelson, D. (2003). Serious mental illness and baccy addiction A model program to address this common but neglected issue. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 326(4), 223230.

Somewhere to call home :: essays research papers fc

somewhere to prefigure crime syndicateThe Middle of Somewhere stresses the important facts of racism and equal rights among human beings. This interesting and compelling invention is about an African family who fought the government for what they believed was right. In the times of segregation, the innocence population pushed around the blacks. It was the few blacks that chose to stand up for themselves and fight back for what they believed in. The spunk of somewhere. If spoken aloud, it makes you think. This must be a place where you call home. Somewhere where you feel safe and where everything around you is comfortable. In the novel, Rebecca and her family always reproof about Pofadderkloof. Pofadderkloof is the place where the whites want to move all the black population of the crossroads in order to replace the area with a white suburb. They tell the black people that in Pofadderkloof the houses will be large and will have a running tap. Also, they will have both bedr ooms and a stove. Rebeccas family was the only family to know that they were telling all lies fair to get them to move. When Rebeccas best friend, Noni and her family move to Pofadderkloof, she is hurt to the point of cry everyday. When a member of Nonis family actually notices that everything that was told to them were all lies, she goes back to the village on foot for about two days to tell everyone. She refers to Pofadderkloof as the spunk of nowhere, because of the one-bedroom houses and miles of dry plain with no markets or operable jobs. Pretty soon, the whole village comes together and forms a committee to dish out each other for what is right. They dont want to go to the centre of attention of nowhere. There want to stay home in the village, in the middle of somewhere. In the middle of somewhere is home thats where everything feels right. The village was the home to many, but it was a key part in Rebeccas familys life. To Rebecca, home was everything to her. She loved g oing home after school to undertake hopscotch, or jumping rope in front of her house with her friends skinny the beautiful jacaranda tree. When she heard that bulldozers were coming to tear her house down, she was terrified. She couldnt sleep at night. It was all she could think about.

Cold War Manderin Essay -- Comparative, Ngo Dinh Diem, Seth Jacobs

The book, Cold struggle Mandarin Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of the Statess War in Vietnam 1950-1963, by Seth Jacobs is a comprehensive retelling of the rise and return of Ngo Dinh Diems government in South Vietnam. In that retelling Jacob focuses on the major events that took place in Vietnam as nearly as showed how the States backed a leader that did nothing to booster his nation and light-emitting diode America into one of the worst wars in its history. The Diem regime was a deject and tyrannical government that used the get together States fears of communism to push its deliver goals that ultimately led to its own demise. Jacob viewed the escalation of Americas involvement in Vietnam as the following, The nine-year experiment that ended when Diem died was Americas crossover lead from advice and support to active cobelligerency in a Vietnamese civil war (8). Jacob in his book is very critical of the actions that both the Americans and Diem took in the brass instrum ent of South Vietnam. As the title of the book suggests, the author claims that Diem and his actions resulted in America becoming stuck in a war that would last over a decade. Diem, who was not very well known in either the United States as well as his own nation at the condemnation the book starts in the early 1950s, was able to perpetuate himself into a commit of power through use of both his faith as well as perpetuating generalized American fears. In the first chapter of his book, Jacobs looks at Diems early rise to power. Diem first worked under the French where he stood as a Minister of the Interior in the Bao Dai puppet government. Where Diem hated that the French who had control over Vietnam both economically as well as politically, one thing he hated more where the Viet Minh. The Vi... ... Ngo Dinh Diem and his regime. In Diems attempts to maintain a sense of national independence and ignoring American advisors in regards to how to manage his nation placed both hi mself and America in a very bad situation. Jacob broke down the reasons why Diems policies and decisions as head of submit in Vietnam ultimately led to its demise, from his totalitarian policies and misuses of American funding/support. Jacobs does not put all blame on Diem alone also points out that despite information gathered from American officials in Vietnam the American government supported a government that was unpopular and serious of corruption. In the end Jacob reinforces his claim that the United States and their Diem experiment pushed America into a shifting relationship with Vietnam that would ultimately lock the nation into a state involvement that it could not back out of.

S. E. Hilton :: essays research papers

Introduction In this prevail analysis, slightly the nurse The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton I will discuss character and plot growth, as well as the setting, the authors style and my opinions ab pop out the book. In this disassociate of the analysis I will give some training about the subjects of the book, and about the author. The author wrote the story when she was just 16 years old, in the 1950s. The book was successful, and it was sold, and still being sold, in many copies as a young adults novel. There was a movie do about it, and today there are still many schools that use this book in junior high and high schools for English classes. There were plays made about the book too. The Outsiders is about a gang. They live in a city in Oklahoma. Ponyboy Curtis, a 14 year old greaser, tells the story. other characters include Sodapop and Darry, Ponyboys brothers, Johnny, Dallas, and Two-Bit, that were also gang members and Ponyboys friends. This story deals with two forms of socia l classes the socs, the sufficient kids, and the greasers, the poor kids. The socs go around looking for trouble and greasers to beat up, and thus the greasers are blamed for it, because they are poor and cannot affect the authorities. I hold you would enjoy and learn something about the book from reading this analysis. Plot evolution The plot development in the book, The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton, was easy to follow. In this part of the book analysis I will give some much details about the plot development. There were no hooks or hurdles in the beginning of the book, the first sentence starts right outside(a) with the plotwithout any forewords. This is the beginning of the first sentence When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house... (page 9). As you can see, it goes directly to the point without any prologues or any kind of introduction. The plot development in the middle of the story was sensible and easy to understand. It was clear and simple, and the events pull in occurred in a reasonable order. The ending of the story was a routine expected. I anticipated the death of Johnny because a broken fill out usually means death. The death of Dally was not as foreseeable as Johnnys death because it was said that He was tougher than the respite of ustougher, colder, meaner.

New Meaning in a Brave New World :: Brave New World

New Meaning in a adventurous New humanity   The motto of the Brave New valet de chambre was Community, Identity, and Stability. In the following essay the actual meanings of these terms will be addressed. The term Community really did not have the meaning that we ar accustomed to hearing and speaking in the modern day and duration (1996). Instead it stands for almost a lack of Community, meaning that in that respect is no choice of where one ranks in the Community, or else you atomic number 18 assigned even before production (natural birth is non-existent) your place in society and a mortal could never know what are the differences between being an Alpha or a Gamma. A person in the community is shared by everyone in the Community, everyone belongs to everyone every person is shared sexually with one another, and there is no emotional oblige because are breed not to have them. The term Identity is a complete opposite from the means that we are accustomed to seeing it and jot it, in other words it is non-existent no one has any feelings, and no one posses any of their own personal characteristics, they are all alike. If a person were to try and find their own identity they were looked down upon and had to lay down a soma spend (soma was a legal drug that took aside all of a persons feelings or individualized ideas). The soma holiday was everyones way out of having to deal with anything unpleasant or their way of having a good time. The Stability in the Brave New World is a different sort of Stability, the Stability in Brave New World is economical stability, clothes were not to be mended, instead new ones were to be purchased to support economic stability and growth. Nothing was allowed to be produced or purchased that was not very expensive and did not require currency to keep it in good running condition. If the society let meretricious things onto the market or things were fixed easily what would happen to the vast economic society , it would develop cracks and eventually fall to the ground with a thundering crash. The constitutional society in Brave New World was based alone on science and technology and not on the social aspect of people, personal freedoms, and feeling differently from your fellow man. Science and technology was not only the basis of their being, and the way they lived it was also the sole reason that feeling seemed so different than it does in the present day and age (1996).

Japans Bio-Warfare Essay example -- essays research papers

While Germany experimented with biological weapons in population contend I, the Japanese military practiced biowarfare on a galvanic pile scale in the years leading up to and throughout land War II. China became the first nation to experience the horrors of World War II. During the invasion of China, Japanese forces used methods of warfare that led to mass wipeout and suffering on new unimaginable level. In 1932, a some months after Japanese troops moved into Manchuria, disguised as a water purification plant, Dr. Ishii and his colleagues followed them in. Instead of a water purification plant, they built Zhoghma Fortress, a prison so named because of its location on the outskirts of HARBIN AND ITS INTIMIDATING APPERANCE EXPERIMENTS WRE make ON THE PRISIONERS The majority of these experimental subjects were Chinese, but in like manner included Russians, Mongolians, and Koreans. A nonorious division of the Imperial Army called Unit 731 led the perverting aggression. My cal culation, which is very conservative, and based on incomplete sources as the major recital are still closed, is that 10,000 to 12,000 clement beings were exterminated in lab experiments (Factories of shoemakers last Japanese biological Warfare, 1932-45, and the the States Cover-up, Harris, S.H. (1944), London & New York). Japans invasion of Manchuria in 1931 gave Ishii the opport unit of measurementy to begin his horrific experiments on human subjects. In 1938 Japan established Unit 731. Unit 731, a biological-warfare unit that was disguised as a water-purification unit, was formed outside the city of Harbin. In truth, it was a secret research laboratory that utilized humans as guinea pigs. The leader of Unit 731 was physician-researcher Dr. Ishii Shiro. Shiro Ishii was an intelligent Army microbiologist whose flamboyant nature soon attracted attention from his senior officers (Factories of Death Japanese biological Warfare, 1932-45, and the America Cover-up, Harris, S.H. (1944) , London & New York). In this evil facility, Japanese Militarists performed live, un-anesthetized human dissections for the train of researching the make of pathogens. Female prisoners were used for studies on syphilis humans and puppet bloods were injected with each others blood to observed the physiological effects prisoners were hung upside down until death to see the time course of excerption humans were expose... ... frozen for twenty-four hours and then taken to a fiery room to be thawed out. They froze me until I was unconsciousI could not describe how much it hurt. It hurt so much that I begged the Japs to overcome me (Testimony of Art Campbell, US POW, a survivor of Mukuden, adopted from NBC Dateline pulverization of Death Unit 731 August 15, 1995). Children were not immune to the horrors of Unit 731. troop 17, 1995, The New York Times also reported, Other than the partisans fighting the Japanese, Unit 731 also plucked civilians from the streets whenever they need ed subjects. In 1943, a 10 year-old boy was kidnapped and taken to the laboratory dissection table. A person wearing a white capital made a Y-incision in his chest. Blood began to drip from his chest. In little than an hour, his stomach, kidneys, liver, pancreas, and intestines were preserved in jars of formaldehyde. Because they were fresh, the organs were still contracting and making cushiony murmurs. At this time somebody said, Yo, the organs are still alive. thusly everybody began to laugh. His brain was not wasted. It too was preserved. The boy was left with only his extremities and an free abdominal cavity. Everything else was jarred.

Unification of Italy and Germany Essay -- History

Unification of Italy and Ger humankindyBy 1871 both the earth of Italy and the empire of Germany were united. Even though both countries employ popular tr displaces to that time, both liberalism and subject areaism, the process unifying these ii countries was very different. The end result was Germany emerging as a strong nation and Italy appropriately, the weaker.Italys problems started with the fact that it didnt have one main ruler, but two people and a concept, resulting in a different approach to the unification. Gulseppe Mazzini had a radical program focusing on a centralized representative republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people. Vincenzo Gioberti, who was a catholic priest called for a federation of existing states under the presidential term of the pope. Then there were the people who favored leadership toward the autocratic kingdom of Sardenia. Sardenias rule was much more popular to the middle mark than the other two because Sardenia appeared to be a liberal, progressive state displaying national unification. That is what the people were striving for. They thought Mazzinis ideas too radical- and they were trying to draw in away from religion running the nation as it had done in the past. They wanted a distinct separation between church and state.Cavour was the man who made the change, but he sought unity only for blue Italy to become a greatly expanded kingdom of Sardenia. In the 1850s Cavour worked to consolidate Sardenia as a liberal state cap...

Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya Essay -- Bless Me Ultima Rudolfo Ana

Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya Children believe what their parents tell them but as they make water older they start to question that which used to be unquestion able-bodied. Bless Me, Ultima is a novel by Rudolfo Anaya ab reveal a young Chicano boy, Antonio Juan Marez y Luna, who is developing up and seeing the world for how cruel it really is. A reinvigorated old curandera, or faith healer, Ultima, arrives just before Tony receives his first glance into the world of men. Ultima gives Tony spiritual healing throughout the book, as well as advice to keep him in harmony with nature and his spirit. The more Tony sees of death in the little town of Guadalupe, New Mexico, the more he questions the Christian graven image and turns towards the golden carp, a hedonist god of the river. Rudolfo Anaya is indicating that each man moldiness choose his own religion and destiny, by depicting the changes Tony feels after the deaths of Lupito, Narciso and Florence. Beforehand, Tony never q uesti mavend his faith but as each person died Tony turned farther and farther a right smart from Catholicism and lastly in time away from the hedonist religion. Tony questioned his destiny and effectiveness as a priest, had doubts of the Catholic deity and eventually of everything he had ever believed in, as Anaya shows that one strict religion isn?t always the right way or the only way. The first metre in Tony?s spiritual voyage is when he questions his family?s long-standing smell in the Catholic religion and his own destiny to follow their dreams of him fit a priest. Tony doubts his abilities as a priest, even though he is not one, because his mother dreams for him to become a priest. Subsequently, he believes that he should have been able to save Lupito?s soul from wandering the river, because he will one day be required to. Whereas, ?A priest could have rescue Lupito. (23), Tony feels guilty that he wasn?t able to fulfill his duty even though it wasn?t his. This shows that the destiny at first laid out by Catholicism may not be the one that is outdo suited to Tony. By not saving Lupito or his soul, the town Tony lives in is no longer pure in his eyes. The river is the lifeline of the town and at once it is stained then the town will also be corrupted with the murder of Lupito. Tony asks, ?How would I ever wash away the stain of consanguinity from the sweet waters of my river (23), and in doing so also questions why God puts such obstac... ...l and harsh, or that the golden carp could not have protected Florence even though the river was its home, in spite of the fact that his parents and friends believed deeply in these powers and still put all their faith in them. Ultima, it seems, is all that is left-hand(a) to believe in, because she has always been truthful, and protective. The vengeance that Tony wants on Tenorio is God?s only however, with a new religion following in Ultima?s practices Tony could retaliate Tenorio if he was still al ive, and have vengeance for the deaths of his friends and not be penalize for it because Tony would only be killing a witch. All humans moldiness change and because they must, the world they live in, including their religions, must change with them or be lost in time. The Catholic religion failed to change into what Tony needed, and so did the pagan religion, so he stopped belieiving in them however he adage Ultima?s religion as a new unchartered way that he could create himself. At the end of Tony?s spiritual journey he finds himself lost in a world that is prophesied to end and without a true belief in anything. Works CitedAnaya, Rudolfo. Bless Me, Ultima, New York Warner Books, Inc., 1972.