Tcl 201 Midterm

Questions 1. Taking your information from Katherine Benton-Cohens book, Borderline Americans, keep open an essay on how the term American became synonymous with white in Cochise County during the late 19th and early twentieth centuries. Start by discussing the genius of relations between Mexicans and whites in the different sections of the county during the 19th century. How did relations turn over time and what factors led to those changes?In answering these questions, you should pay several(prenominal) attention to changing demographics save focus on how mining companies ancientime in exploiting its labor force, the Bisbee Deportations, and the aftermath of the deportations led to the creation of one county, 2 accelerates. Borderline Americans covers distinct situations that occurred in Cochise county where the definition of organism American was chased based on what bene convulsioned the Anglos in the area. IN areas such as in Tres Alamos, at that place were situations of intermarriage.In Bisbee, there was the dual-wage system the separated Mexicans from Americans, and in Tombstone, Anglos and Mexicans would come unitedly to combat native Indians. Yet, when Mexicans wanted to put their American civil rights to action, Anglos would homecoming act them by saying how they were not American enough. a. In Cochise County, corporations and reinments exerted wonderful influence over the creation of racial categories (pg. 14). Everyone fought over what defined pass and who could benefit from the term (pg. 14). b. In Tres Alamos, Anglos and Mexicans were friendly towards one another for policy-making reasons. In theory. New Spains elite was Spanish, but in a sparsely settled frontier area, people who were Spanish-speaking, wealthy, or landed do as being Spanish, and thusin the context of American racial codeswhite (pg 28). c. In other areas in Arizona such as in Tucson, Anglo cowboys and Mexicans joined forces to combat the native Indians (pg. 63). d . In Bisbee, there tacit existed a dual-wage system. Here, Mexicans were paid less than the Anglo men despite their skills. Corporations ruled the community, so they set the define line of who was worthy to be American and who was not based on pay (pg. 07). Dual wage system. I. Spanish American Identity a. The Spanish American indistinguishability in New Mexico was conceived in myth and is sustained by memory (pg. 212). i. The Spanish American identity was an illusion that Nuevomexicanos created and lived up to during the late geezerhood of the 19th and early 20th century. b. It originates from its diverse struggles against political and societal marginalization, and was nurtured by a burgeoning tourist industry, a Hispanophilic cultural jauntment, and locally authored histories and scholarship (pg. 2). i.The Spanish identity came out of years of political and social suppression. Nuevomexicanos wanted to define their racial identity, and by identifying with their Spanish origins they could argue their purity of blood and distinguish themselves from being Indian or Anglo, claiming identity to their European roots which was racially white, and moving a delegacy from their mixed-blood Mexican immigrant identity, as yet identify with their attachment to the land (by way of conquest) (pg. 16-17). ii. In summary, there was no such thing as a Spanish American identity.This was a mythical race that Nuevomexicanos created for their benefit. Nuevomexicanos hung to their Spanish roots because it gave them the power to identitify with their European roots, disassociate themselves from their Indian and Mexican immigrant roots, and still gain the privilege of enjoying social and civic equality with Anglo Americans (pg. 16). II. The White perception of Nuevomexicanos during the immediate years by-line the Mexican-American War. a. Anlgos questioned as to whether or not the Mexican-American people of New Mexico were fit enough to be granted full U.S. -citizenship. i. The media of the time was a big example of how Anlgos viewed Neuvomexicanos. They mentioned how Mexicans still professed a deep hostility to American ideas and American policies. Rather than assimilating into the nation cultural and political mainstream, the paper noted, these Mexicans stubbornly clung to their habits, political affiliations, and semipagan religious practices they abhorred all things American and had little reason to show their patriotism during the war . . (pg. 1). 1. Anglos felt that Mexicans would never be able to be loyal to the American government, and whence they should not be granted U. S. citizenship. The media only(prenominal) added to this notion. b. Mexicans, because they were a mixed race, were also viewed as rebels and political subversives, and many U. S. officials such as Senator John C. Calhoun felt that they had inherited the worst characteristics of both races, and to be unfit for U. S. citizenship or for self-rule (pg. 53). i.To many US Angl os, Mexicans were biologically predisposed to be savages and incapable of being loyal citizens to the United States. III. Whites views of Nuevomexicanos, New Mexico and statehood, and white migration and touristry to New Mexico. a. When Nuevomexicanos began to take claim to their Spanish European race, and attempt to give way away from their Indian or Mexican identity, Anglos began to be much accepting of the state and its people. i. The statehood debate illustrates how racial perceptions and relations played a major role in the formation of the Spanish American sentience (pg. 3). 1. Representative Joseph M. Root lobbied for New Mexico to gain statehood and he said how Their race or blood mixture was of little consequence to their ability to govern (pg. 56). ii. New York Representative William H. Seward was a vocal supporter for New Mexico, and he said a speech referencing Nuevomexicanos to their Spanish roots. 1. By praising the Spanish colonial past, Seward implied that New Me xicos Indians and Nuevomexicanos heralded from a genteel, colonial order of magnitude characterized by Christianity and racial order (pg. 7). b. Nuevomexicanos began to redefine themselves as Spanish in ethnic origin and American in nationality (pg. 92). i. Other Anglos who were collaborating with Nuevomexicanos for their acceptance into statehood stress their Spanish American identity and transformed New Mexico into the tourist cracking of the Southwest, a Mecca for American immigrants and visitors who delighted in Spanish and Indian cultures (pg. 2). 1.By Nuevomexicanos adopting a Spanish American identity, they not only gained support from other Anglo leaders, but they were also socially accepted and their ethnic background became a wise tourist attraction for other Americans to come and see. IV. Romanticization of the Spanish past by Hispanophilia. a. Hispanophilia was born of a desire to return to a simpler way of life that, in fact, had never been all that simple . . . It was an ideology (pg. 147). i. This was a way for the Spanish Americans to be proud of their racial background, yet at the same grounds have the acceptance they desired from the Anglos. . Many US Anglos from other states still feared the rumors about Mexicans and their violent characteristics. In an effort to move away from such misconceptions, Nuevomexicanos with the help of boosters, promoted their Spanish American identity, which then gave produce to Hispanophilia. This notion allowed them to create a fantasy heritage that was acceptable for Anglos and yet gave them the acceptable means of defining their historical identity (pg. 148) V. Nuevomexicanos and their Spanish American Identity a.Nuevomexicanos used their new Spanish American identity to their vantage, for it was their only way of regaining control over their declining political fortunes, land base, and speech (pg. 148). i. From Hispanophilia came the birth of Hispanidad. 1. Hispanidad entailed claiming ownership, most notably, of Hispanic heritage, language, values, beliefs, and culture (pg. 171). ii. They also came to use this to their advantage by demonstrating how Spanish Americans were equal to Anglos in racial hierarchy, yet they unplowed their Spanish distinction from that of the Anglos.